Magnetic skyrmions are topologically stable nanoscale particlelike objects that were discovered in 2009. Since that time, intense research interest in the field has led to the identification of numerous compounds that support skyrmions over a range of conditions spanning from cryogenic to room temperatures. Skyrmions can be set into motion under various types of driving, and the combination of their size, stability, and dynamics makes them ideal candidates for numerous applications. At the same time, skyrmions represent a new class of system in which the energy scales of the skyrmion-skyrmion interactions, sample disorder, temperature, and drive can compete. A growing body of work indicates that the static and dynamic states of skyrmions can be influenced strongly by pinning or disorder in the sample; thus, an understanding of such effects is essential for the eventual use of skyrmions in applications. The current state of knowledge regarding individual skyrmions and skyrmion assemblies interacting with quenched disorder or pinning is reviewed. The microscopic mechanisms for skyrmion pinning, including the repulsive and attractive interactions that can arise from impurities, grain boundaries, or nanostructures, are outlined. This is followed by descriptions of depinning phenomena, sliding states over disorder, the effect of pinning on the skyrmion Hall angle, the competition between thermal and pinning effects, the control of skyrmion motion using ordered potential landscapes such as one- or two-dimensional periodic asymmetric substrates, the creation of skyrmion diodes, and skyrmion ratchet effects. Highlighted are the distinctions arising from internal modes and the strong gyrotropic or Magnus forces that cause the dynamical states of skyrmions to differ from those of other systems with pinning, such as vortices in type-II superconductors, charge density waves, or colloidal particles. Throughout this review future directions and open questions related to the pinning and dynamics in skyrmion systems are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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斯格明子与无序和纳米结构相互作用的静力学和动力学

磁性斯格明子是 2009 年发现的拓扑稳定的纳米级粒子状物体。从那时起，对该领域的强烈研究兴趣导致了许多化合物的鉴定，这些化合物在从低温到室温的一系列条件下支持斯格明子。斯格明子可以在各种类型的驾驶下启动，其尺寸、稳定性和动态性的结合使它们成为众多应用的理想选择。同时，斯格明子代表了一类新的系统，其中斯格明子-斯格明子相互作用、样本无序、温度和驱动的能量尺度可以竞争。越来越多的工作表明，斯格明子的静态和动态状态会受到样本中钉扎或无序的强烈影响。因此，了解此类效应对于斯格明子的最终应用至关重要。回顾了有关个体斯格明子和斯格明子组件与猝灭无序或钉扎相互作用的当前知识状况。概述了斯格明子钉扎的微观机制，包括杂质、晶界或纳米结构可能产生的排斥和吸引相互作用。接下来描述了脱钉现象、无序滑动状态、钉扎对斯格明子霍尔角的影响、热效应和钉扎效应之间的竞争、使用有序势场（例如一维或二维周期性周期）控制斯格明子运动。不对称衬底、斯格明子二极管的产生以及斯格明子棘轮效应。强调的是内部模式和强回旋力或马格努斯力所产生的区别，这些区别导致斯格明子的动力学状态不同于其他具有钉扎系统的动力学状态，例如II型超导体中的涡旋、电荷密度波或胶体粒子。在这篇综述中，还讨论了与斯格明子系统的钉扎和动力学相关的未来方向和悬而未决的问题。