Abstract

The cryopreservation of spermatozoa and the in vitro embryo production are valuable tools used in a variety of species, including humans, livestock, fish, and aquatic invertebrates. Sperm cryopreservation has been used to maintain or increase the genetic diversity of threatened species. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules derived from oxygen, being formed as byproducts of cellular metabolism. During cryopreservation of sperm and other in vitro manipulations of oocytes and embryos, ROS production is dramatically increased. In cells, low, medium, and high levels of ROS lead to different outcomes, apoptosis, auto-phagocytosis, and necrosis, respectively. ROS produced by cells can be neutralized by intracellular antioxidant systems, including enzymes as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants. Free radicals and oxidative stress can be major factors influencing in vitro manipulations. In this review, we discuss the role that metallic and nonmetallic nanoparticles and their salts play in the modulation of oxidative stress during in vitro embryo production and cryopreservation of sperm.

摘要

精子的低温保存和体外胚胎生产是用于多种物种的有价值的工具，包括人类、牲畜、鱼类和水生无脊椎动物。精子冷冻保存已被用于维持或增加受威胁物种的遗传多样性。活性氧 (ROS) 是源自氧气的分子，作为细胞代谢的副产物形成。在精子和其他体外冷冻保存过程中卵母细胞和胚胎的操作，ROS 的产生显着增加。在细胞中，低、中和高水平的 ROS 分别导致不同的结果，即细胞凋亡、自噬和坏死。细胞产生的 ROS 可以被细胞内抗氧化系统中和，包括酶和非酶促抗氧化剂。自由基和氧化应激可能是影响体外操作的主要因素。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了金属和非金属纳米粒子及其盐类在体外胚胎生产和精子冷冻保存过程中调节氧化应激的作用。