Elselijn Kingma argues that, in cases of mammalian placental pregnancy, the foster (roughly, the post-implantation embryo/foetus) is part of the gravida (the pregnant organism). But she does not consider the possibility of proper overlap. I show that this generates a number of serious problems for her argument and trace the oversight to a quite general issue within the literature on biological individuality. Doing so provides an opportunity to pull apart and clarify the relations between some importantly distinct questions concerning organismality and organismic parthood, and to identify the implications that this has for those who want to draw on this literature when making metaphysical or mereological arguments.

中文翻译：

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怀孕、分娩和适当的重叠：对金马的批判

Elselijn Kingma 认为，在哺乳动物胎盘妊娠的情况下，寄养物（大致是植入后的胚胎/胎儿）是妊娠（怀孕的有机体）的一部分。但她不考虑适当重叠的可能性。我表明这给她的论点带来了许多严重的问题，并将这种疏忽追溯到有关生物个体性的文献中的一个相当普遍的问题。这样做提供了一个机会来分离和澄清一些关于有机体和有机体部分的重要不同问题之间的关系，并确定这对那些想要在进行形而上学或分体论论点时利用这些文献的人的影响。