Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to critically review and synthesize the scale development practices in hospitality and tourism and propose updated guidelines applicable for both reflective and composite scales.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a critical review of a sample of scale development papers published in six top-tier tourism and hospitality journals, the current guidelines' weaknesses and strengths and their applications are identified. Updated procedures are proposed to overcome these weaknesses.

Findings

This review showed several issues in applying existing guidelines, including incomplete and unclear data collection processes, inconsistent data analysis processes including validity/reliability assessment and lack of criteria to identify and assess composite scales. As such, this paper proposes updated guidelines by incorporating the confirmatory composite analysis to assess composite scales.

Originality/value

This paper offers unique theoretical and methodological contributions to scale development literature, by identifying the shortcomings of current practices of scale development and propose guidelines for both reflective and composite scales. The current scale development procedures cannot be applied for composite scales, and so the results of composite scale development using the current procedures are questionable. The updated guidelines by the current study improve new scales' accuracy, reliability and validity.

中文翻译：

---

旅游和酒店研究中的反思和复合量表：修订量表开发程序

目的

本文的目的是批判性地审查和综合酒店和旅游业的规模发展实践，并提出适用于反思和综合规模的更新指南。

设计/方法/途径

通过对六家顶级旅游和酒店期刊上发表的规模发展论文样本进行批判性审查，确定了当前指南的弱点和优势及其应用。建议更新程序以克服这些弱点。

发现

该综述显示了应用现有指南的几个问题，包括不完整和不明确的数据收集过程、不一致的数据分析过程（包括有效性/可靠性评估）以及缺乏识别和评估复合量表的标准。因此，本文通过结合验证性复合分析来评估复合量表，提出了更新指南。

原创性/价值

本文通过识别当前量表开发实践的缺点并为反思量表和复合量表提出指南，为量表开发文献提供了独特的理论和方法论贡献。目前的量表开发程序不能应用于复合量表，因此使用当前程序开发的复合量表的结果值得怀疑。当前研究的更新指南提高了新量表的准确性、可靠性和有效性。