This is the third of three articles that quantify the high added value of frequent satellite microwave observations of the atmosphere (with a “refresh” time on the order of 1 min) to capture the dynamics of weather systems. Recent advances in small-satellite and microwave miniaturization, such as the “Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical systems” (TempEST) millimeter-wave radiometer developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, are paving the way for the design of convoys of spaceborne radars that can directly observe the evolution of severe weather at very fine temporal scales. The analyses presented here are to establish the relation between passive microwave observations and their change in time and the underlying cloud variables and processes and to evaluate the sensitivity to the different physical and instrument parameters. In this third part, simulations are used to demonstrate and quantify the direct sensitivity of a time sequence of mm-wave radiances to the vertical structure of the vertical updrafts in convective storms. It is demonstrated that the brightness temperatures from a pair of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) radiometers maintaining a separation of 1 or 2 min can indeed be used to retrieve the column-maximum magnitude of the vertical wind as well as the height of the maximum. While such passive retrievals do not provide the vertical detail that a pair of radars would produce, the radiometers have a vast swath and therefore enable the observation of an entire storm. The application is therefore quite different from the case of a convoy of radars: rather than compiling radar statistics over multiple years, the radiometer-convoy measurements can be used to analyze every storm that is observed.

中文翻译：

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从降水的频繁采样微波测量中得出的观测结果——第三部分：毫米波辐射计的车队

这是三篇文章中的第三篇，这些文章量化了频繁的卫星微波大气观测（“刷新”时间约为 1 分钟）以捕捉天气系统动态的高附加值。小型卫星和微波小型化的最新进展，例如在喷气推进实验室开发的“风暴和热带系统时间实验”（TempEST）毫米波辐射计，正在为设计能够在非常精细的时间尺度上直接观察恶劣天气的演变。此处介绍的分析旨在建立被动微波观测及其随时间变化与基础云变量和过程之间的关系，并评估对不同物理和仪器参数的敏感性。在这第三部分中，模拟用于证明和量化毫米波辐射时间序列对对流风暴中垂直上升气流的垂直结构的直接敏感性。已经证明，一对保持 1 或 2 分钟间隔的低地球轨道 (LEO) 辐射计的亮温确实可以用于检索垂直风的柱最大值以及高度最大。虽然这种被动检索不能提供一对雷达会产生的垂直细节，但辐射计有很大的扫描范围，因此可以观察整个风暴。因此，该应用程序与雷达车队的情况完全不同：而不是编制多年的雷达统计数据，