Objective: 

The aim of this study was to test associations between (1) contextual factors and types of digital media use and (2) types of digital media use and children's social-emotional and sleep outcomes during COVID-19.

Methods: 

In February to March 2021, 303 parents of elementary schoolers participated in this cross-sectional survey gathering information on demographics, child school format, contextual factors, duration of types of digital media use, social-emotional outcomes, and sleep. Multivariable regressions examined associations outlined in the objective, adjusting for school format, only child, race/ethnicity, and parental stress, depressive symptoms, education, and material hardship.

Results: 

Children were aged 5 years to younger than 11 years and spent approximately 4 hours on screen media daily. In multivariable analyses, remote school format; greater material hardship; Black, Indigenous, and people of color child race/ethnicity; lower parenting stress; and parent depressive symptoms were associated with longer duration of various digital media. Longer daily duration of streaming video and video chat were associated with higher prosocial scores, while console games, mobile apps/games, and video-sharing platforms were associated with greater problematic media use (PMU) (defined as interfering with adaptive functioning). More time on mobile apps/games, video-sharing platforms, and video streaming was linked with shorter sleep.

Conclusion: 

Lower parenting stress predicted greater digital media use. Greater digital media use during the pandemic may have enabled parents to focus on other needs. Use of media for social connection predicted greater prosocial behaviors. Engagement-prolonging digital media predicted PMU. Pediatric providers may wish to consider family context when addressing digital media use and encourage socially oriented digital media.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 期间儿童媒体的使用：与情境和社会情感因素的关联

客观的： 

本研究的目的是测试 (1) 情境因素和数字媒体使用类型以及 (2) 数字媒体使用类型与儿童在 COVID-19 期间的社交情绪和睡眠结果之间的关联。

方法： 

2021 年 2 月至 3 月，303 名小学生家长参与了这项横断面调查，收集有关人口统计、儿童学校形式、背景因素、数字媒体使用类型的持续时间、社交情感结果和睡眠等信息。多变量回归检查了目标中概述的关联，并根据学校形式、独生子女、种族/民族、父母压力、抑郁症状、教育和物质困难进行了调整。

结果： 

儿童年龄在 5 岁至 11 岁以下，每天在屏幕媒体上花费大约 4 小时。在多变量分析中，远程学校形式；更大的物质困难；黑人、原住民和有色人种儿童种族/族裔；降低养育压力；父母的抑郁症状与使用各种数字媒体的时间较长有关。每日流媒体视频和视频聊天的持续时间较长与较高的亲社会分数相关，而主机游戏、移动应用程序/游戏和视频共享平台则与较大的媒体使用问题 (PMU)（定义为干扰适应性功能）相关。在移动应用程序/游戏、视频共享平台和视频流上花费更多时间与睡眠时间缩短有关。

结论： 

较低的育儿压力预示着数字媒体的更多使用。大流行期间更多的数字媒体使用可能使父母能够专注于其他需求。使用媒体进行社交联系预示着更大的亲社会行为。延长参与度的数字媒体预示着 PMU。儿科提供者在解决数字媒体使用问题时可能希望考虑家庭背景，并鼓励面向社会的数字媒体。