The adoption of abundant millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum offers higher capacity for short-range connectivity in various Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-centric communications scenarios. In contrast to the conventional cellular paradigm, where the coordination of connected nodes is highly centralized, the distributed deployments, such as those operating over unlicensed frequency bands, maintain robust interactions in the absence of central control. These agile decentralized systems are being naturally created by dynamic UAV swarms that form a temporary 3D structure without reliance on remote management or pre-established network infrastructures. While much effort has been invested in the performance assessment of distributed, directional, and 3D systems individually, a combination of these three angles allows capturing more realistic UAV swarm scenarios and produces a novel research perspective. This work addresses one of the fundamental challenges in mmWave-based 3D networks– directional deafness– which is known to adversely affect the overall system performance. Particularly, we develop a mathematical framework by taking into account the peculiarities of 3D directional and distributed deployments. We provide a holistic analytical assessment of directional deafness and propose several powerful approximations that capture realistic antenna patterns.

中文翻译：

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基于毫米波的分布式 3D 网络中定向耳聋的整体评估

丰富的毫米波 (mmWave) 频谱的采用为各种以无人机 (UAV) 为中心的通信场景中的短程连接提供了更高的容量。与连接节点的协调高度集中的传统蜂窝模式相比，分布式部署（例如在未经许可的频段上运行的部署）在没有中央控制的情况下保持稳健的交互。这些灵活的分散系统是由动态无人机群自然创建的，它们形成一个临时的 3D 结构，而不依赖于远程管理或预先建立的网络基础设施。虽然已经在分布式、定向和 3D 系统的性能评估上投入了大量精力，但 这三个角度的结合可以捕捉更真实的无人机群场景并产生新颖的研究视角。这项工作解决了基于毫米波的 3D 网络中的一个基本挑战——定向耳聋——众所周知，它会对整体系统性能产生不利影响。特别是，我们通过考虑 3D 定向和分布式部署的特殊性开发了一个数学框架。我们提供了定向性耳聋的整体分析评估，并提出了几个强大的近似值来捕捉真实的天线方向图。我们通过考虑 3D 定向和分布式部署的特殊性开发了一个数学框架。我们提供了定向性耳聋的整体分析评估，并提出了几个强大的近似值来捕捉真实的天线方向图。我们通过考虑 3D 定向和分布式部署的特殊性开发了一个数学框架。我们提供了定向性耳聋的整体分析评估，并提出了几个强大的近似值来捕捉真实的天线方向图。