The Cysteine-rich polycomb-like protein (CPP) family encodes animal and plant-specific transcription factors that are important for plant development and stress responses. Even though CPP family genes had been studied in many plants, nothing was known about them in common wheat (Triticum aestivum). The current research focused on a comprehensive discovery and characterization of wheat CPP (TaCPP) gene family members. Altogether 30 TaCPP genes were discovered and were divided into two groups and three subgroups based on the phylogenetic relationship. Gene structures and motif patterns of TaCPP genes were different in these three subgroups. Collinearity analysis revealed that segmental duplication was the most common mechanism of TaCPP gene family expansion. The expression levels of most TaCPP genes were high in reproductive tissues, such as ovaries and stigmas, implying that these genes may have a vital function in the reproduction of wheat. Further quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction research demonstrated that all examined TaCPPs were significantly induced after drought, heat treatment, and Fusarium graminearum infection, showing that they were involved in the response to stress tolerance. The subcellular localization results of TaCPP14-5A and TaCPP15-5D show that both were located in the nucleus. In addition, transient expression TaCPP15-5D promoted resistance to Phytophthora infestans in Nicotiana benthamiana. Our findings lay the foundation for revealing the role of TaCPPs and will aid in the discovery of their regulatory networks in wheat growth and stress responses.

中文翻译：

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TaCPP 家族基因在生长和胁迫处理过程中的多重作用

富含半胱氨酸的多梳样蛋白 ( CPP ) 家族编码对植物发育和应激反应很重要的动物和植物特异性转录因子。尽管已经在许多植物中研究了CPP家族基因，但对普通小麦 ( Triticum aestivum )中的它们一无所知。目前的研究主要集中在小麦CPP ( TaCPP ) 基因家族成员的全面发现和表征上。共发现 30 个TaCPP基因，根据系统发育关系分为两组和三个亚组。TaCPP的基因结构和基序模式这三个亚组中的基因是不同的。共线性分析表明，片段重复是TaCPP基因家族扩增的最常见机制。大多数TaCPP基因在生殖组织（如卵巢和柱头）中的表达水平较高，这意味着这些基因可能在小麦的繁殖中具有重要功能。进一步的定量实时聚合酶链反应研究表明，所有被检测的TaCPP在干旱、热处理和禾谷镰刀菌感染后均被显着诱导，表明它们参与了胁迫耐受性反应。TaCPP14-5A和TaCPP15-5D的亚细胞定位结果表明两者都位于细胞核中。此外，瞬时表达TaCPP15-5D 可促进烟草对致病疫霉的抗性。我们的发现为揭示TaCPP的作用奠定了基础，并将有助于发现它们在小麦生长和应激反应中的调控网络。