CONTEXT

Multifunctionality can refer to the capacity of a landscape to provide a wide range of ecosystem services (ES). Maintaining or restoring multifunctionality in agricultural landscapes is considered an efficient solution to achieve sustainable agricultural production because multiple ES provided by a landscape can support both environmental protection and socio-economic benefits. Quantifying the provision of ES provides fundamental information to measure landscape multifunctionality and inform sustainable land management strategies. Although a large number of studies have been carried out to measure landscape multifunctionality and associated ES, comprehensive spatially explicit assessments at the farm scale are limited.

OBJECTIVE

This research applies a wide range of spatial models, tools, and methods to spatially quantify the provision of multiple ES as well as the pattern of landscape multifunctionality in farmed landscapes.

METHODS

To quantify the provision of multiple ES provided by the landscape, the bio-physical models provided by InVEST (e.g., Nutrient Delivery Ratio and Sediment Delivery Ratio models) and land use land cover-based assessments using spatial analysis tools in ArcGIS were employed. The Analytic Hierarchy Process was applied to calculate the landscape multifunctionality index which is an integration of multiple ES supply. Hot spot analysis using Getis Ord Gi* statistics was utilised to examine the spatial distribution of multiple ecosystem services. A hill country farm in New Zealand is chosen as a case study because it is a good example of a diverse landscape that is facing significant environmental issues due to intensive agricultural production.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals that the provision of ES and the pattern of landscape multifunctionality is highly variable across the farm. Both positive and negative relationships among ES are found and the interactions between them are mainly reflected in three ES bundles: the agricultural land, the indigenous forest and wetlands, and the mixed land uses. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that the quality of landscape is significantly dependent on the landscape management goals and preferences of the farmer so involving them into the process of ES and landscape multifunctionality assessment at a farm scale is essential step to obtain more comprehensive results.

SIGNIFICANCE

Results from this study enable important questions to be answered regarding the spatial variation of ES provision and how land use and land management goals relate to the value and quality of landscape multifunctionality. This can provide valuable information to design future multifunctional landscapes and inform decision making in relation to sustainable land use management.

中文翻译：

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使用新西兰山地农场案例研究对农业景观多功能性进行全面的空间显式分析

语境

多功能性可以指景观提供广泛生态系统服务（ES）的能力。保持或恢复农业景观的多功能性被认为是实现可持续农业生产的有效解决方案，因为景观提供的多种 ES 可以支持环境保护和社会经济效益。量化 ES 的提供提供了衡量景观多功能性和为可持续土地管理战略提供信息的基本信息。尽管已经进行了大量研究来测量景观多功能性和相关的 ES，但农场规模的全面空间明确评估是有限的。

客观的

这项研究应用了广泛的空间模型、工具和方法来空间量化多种 ES 的提供以及农业景观中景观多功能性的模式。

方法

为了量化景观提供的多种 ES 的提供，采用了 InVEST 提供的生物物理模型（例如，养分输送比和沉积物输送比模型）以及使用 ArcGIS 中的空间分析工具进行的基于土地利用的土地覆盖评估。应用层次分析法计算景观多功能指数，该指数是多种ES供应的整合。使用 Getis Ord Gi* 统计的热点分析被用来检查多种生态系统服务的空间分布。新西兰的一个山地农场被选为案例研究，因为它是多样化景观的一个很好的例子，由于集约化农业生产而面临严重的环境问题。

结果和结论

我们的研究表明，ES 的提供和景观多功能性的模式在整个农场中是高度可变的。发现了生态系统之间的正负关系，它们之间的相互作用主要体现在三个生态系统束中：农业用地、原始森林和湿地以及混合土地利用。此外，我们的研究表明，景观质量在很大程度上取决于农民的景观管理目标和偏好，因此将他们纳入农场规模的 ES 和景观多功能性评估过程是获得更全面结果的必要步骤。

意义

这项研究的结果能够回答有关 ES 提供的空间变化以及土地利用和土地管理目标如何与景观多功能性的价值和质量相关的重要问题。这可以为设计未来的多功能景观提供有价值的信息，并为与可持续土地利用管理相关的决策提供信息。