The osteology of European urodeles was studied extensively in the past, but comparative analyses of isolated bones are rare, despite being the most useful tool for the identification of fossil remains. The present work is focused on the most robust skeletal elements (therefore, common in the fossil record: otic–occipitum complexes and vertebrae) and provides taxonomically significant diagnostic characters at the genus level for European genera of urodeles, including some taxa whose osteology was poorly known (e.g. Euproctus and Calotriton). Characters subject to wide variability are identified, and their use is discouraged for diagnoses of extinct species. A selection of diagnostic characters is used herein to build an identification key for each studied skeletal element and for a phylogenetic analysis to understand whether these osteological elements can convey a genuine signal. The analysis under Bayesian inference resulted in a well-supported Salamandridae clade and Pleurodelinae tribe. Salamandrina was recovered as part of the Pleurodelinae, in agreement with previous morphological phylogenetic analyses, but in contrast to the conclusion of molecular studies.

中文翻译：

---

用于古生物学研究的欧洲 urodeles (Amphibia: Urodela) 选定骨骼元素的比较图谱

过去对欧洲 urodeles 的骨学进行了广泛研究，但对孤立骨骼的比较分析很少见，尽管它是鉴定化石遗骸的最有用工具。目前的工作专注于最强大的骨骼元素（因此，在化石记录中很常见：耳枕复合体和椎骨），并为欧洲有尾鱼属提供了在属水平上具有分类学意义的诊断特征，包括一些骨学较差的分类群已知（例如 Euproctus 和 Calotriton）。识别出具有广泛变异性的特征，并且不鼓励将它们用于诊断灭绝物种。本文使用诊断特征的选择来为每个研究的骨骼元素构建识别键，并用于系统发育分析以了解这些骨骼元素是否可以传达真正的信号。贝叶斯推理下的分析产生了一个得到良好支持的蝾螈科进化枝和侧尾鳍亚科部落。Salamandrina 作为 Pleurodelinae 的一部分被回收，这与之前的形态系统发育分析一致，但与分子研究的结论相反。