Each month during a woman’s reproductive years, the endometrium undergoes vast changes to prepare for a potential pregnancy. Diseases of the endometrium arise for numerous reasons, many of which remain unknown. These endometrial diseases, including endometriosis, adenomyosis, endometrial cancer and Asherman syndrome, affect many women, with an overall lack of efficient or permanent treatment solutions. The challenge lies in understanding the complexity of the endometrium and the extensive changes, orchestrated by ovarian hormones, that occur in multiple cell types over the period of the menstrual cycle. Appropriate model systems that closely mimic the architecture and function of the endometrium and its diseases are needed. The emergence of organoid technology using human cells is enabling a revolution in modelling the endometrium in vitro. The goal of this Review is to provide a focused reference for new models to study the diseases of the endometrium. We provide perspectives on the power of new and emerging models, from organoids to microfluidics, which have opened up a new frontier for studying endometrial diseases.

在女性育龄期的每个月，子宫内膜都会发生巨大变化，为可能的怀孕做准备。子宫内膜疾病的发生有多种原因，其中许多原因仍然未知。这些子宫内膜疾病，包括子宫内膜异位症、子宫腺肌病、子宫内膜癌和 Asherman 综合征，影响着许多女性，但总体上缺乏有效或永久的治疗方案。挑战在于了解子宫内膜的复杂性和由卵巢激素协调的广泛变化，这些变化在月经周期期间发生在多种细胞类型中。需要密切模拟子宫内膜及其疾病的结构和功能的适当模型系统。使用人体细胞的类器官技术的出现正在推动子宫内膜体外建模的革命。本综述的目的是为研究子宫内膜疾病的新模型提供重点参考。我们提供了关于从类器官到微流体的新兴模型的力量的观点，这些模型为研究子宫内膜疾病开辟了新的领域。