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Colloidal associations of major and trace elements in the snow pack across a 2800-km south-north gradient of western Siberia
Chemical Geology ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2022-09-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121090
Ivan V. Krickov, Artem G. Lim, Sergey N. Vorobyev, Vladimir P. Shevchenko, Oleg S. Pokrovsky

Colloidal (size 1 nm to 1 μm) transport of major and trace elements, notably micronutrients and low-solubility geochemical tracers, is a ubiquitous and well-established feature for all surface and soil waters in boreal and subarctic regions. However, little is known on the colloidal associations of organic carbon (OC) and major and trace elements in atmospheric precipitation such as snow. This is despite significant efforts devoted to distinguishing the soluble and particulate transport of trace metals and contaminants by atmospheric aerosols. To acquire a snap-shot of major and trace element size fractionation in the snow cover of western Siberia, we sampled snow cores integrated over the entire depth (0–50 cm until bottom) across a sizable (2800 km) south - north transect in the Ob River watershed (western Siberia). A number of trace metal pollutants (Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd) exhibited significant linkage, pronounced over the first 20 km, to sources of local pollution. Some elements (P, Mn, Zn, Ba) also demonstrated an increase in their colloidal fraction in the proximity of pollution centers, possibly reflecting input from industrial centers and gas flares.

Following centrifuginal ultrafiltration, we analyzed total dissolved (< 0.22 μm), two colloidal (high molecular weight, HMW50 kDa ̶ 0.22 μm; medium molecular weight MMW3 kDa ̶ 50 kDa) and low molecular weight (LMW < 3 kDa) fractions in the melted snow for all major and trace elements. We discovered sizable (20 to 70%) proportion of some major (Ca, SO4) and many trace (Fe, Y, Zn, Sb, La, Ce, Yb, Pb) elements in the colloidal (3 kDa - 0.22 μm) form, without significant link to latitude, type of biome, or the concentration of possible colloidal carrier (DOC, Fe, Al, Ca, SO4). The origin of snow water colloids in snow can be hypothesized to stem from solute freezing on lake surfaces (Fe, OC), frost flowers of the Arсtic ice (Ca, SO4), clays dispersion (Al, Si) and sulphur dioxide oxidation particles (SO4, oxyanions). Via hydrochemical mass balance calculations, we demonstrate an overwhelming impact of snow melt on spring-time riverine export of Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Sb and Cs. These preliminary results call for further studies of atmospheric colloids including those originating from rainwater.



中文翻译:

西西伯利亚2800公里南北坡度积雪中主要和微量元素的胶体组合

主要和微量元素,特别是微量营养素和低溶解度地球化学示踪剂的胶体(尺寸 1 nm 至 1 μm)运输是北方和亚北极地区所有地表水和土壤水普遍存在且公认的特征。然而,关于有机碳(OC)与大气降水(如雪)中的主要元素和微量元素的胶体结合知之甚少。尽管致力于区分大气气溶胶对痕量金属和污染物的可溶性和颗粒物运输,但仍做出了重大努力。获取快照西伯利亚西部积雪中的主要元素和微量元素大小分离,我们在鄂毕河流域(西部西伯利亚)。一些痕量金属污染物(Cr、Ni、Zn、Cd)与当地污染源有显着的联系,在前 20 公里内很明显。一些元素(P、Mn、Zn、Ba)在污染中心附近也表现出胶体分数的增加,这可能反映了工业中心和气体火炬的输入。

在离心超滤之后,我们分析了总溶解(< 0.22 μm)、两种胶体(高分子量,HMW 50 kDa — 0.22 μm;中等分子量 MMW 3 kDa — 50 kDa)和低分子量(LMW < 3 kDa)级分。所有主要和微量元素的融雪。我们在胶体(3 kDa - 0.22 μm)中发现了相当大比例(20% 到 70%)的一些主要(Ca、SO 4)和许多微量元素(Fe、Y、Zn、Sb、La、Ce、Yb、Pb)形式,与纬度、生物群落类型或可能的胶体载体(DOC、Fe、Al、Ca、SO 4)的浓度没有显着联系。雪中​​雪水胶体的起源可以假设是由于湖面溶质冻结(Fe,OC),北极冰的霜花(Ca,SO4 )、粘土分散体(Al、Si)和二氧化硫氧化颗粒(SO 4、氧阴离子)。通过水化学质量平衡计算,我们证明了融雪对春季河流 Cd、Pb、Zn、As、Sb 和 Cs 出口的压倒性影响。这些初步结果需要进一步研究大气胶体,包括来自雨水的胶体。

更新日期:2022-09-01
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