NGOs often portray commercial sex workers, injecting drug users, transgender people (hijrae), and homosexual men as quasi-legal persons who are locked in a policing-criminality relationship with the state, and who therefore need them to mediate this relationship. By advancing such portrayals, NGOs in Pakistan's HIV prevention sector capitalize upon the presumed cultural difference of the so-called risk groups of HIV. They appropriate stigma against these groups as a strategy to access funds and to fortify their own position as brokers in the unstable donor-dominated funding landscape of HIV prevention. In doing so, the NGO leaders and members end up stabilizing stigma and reinforcing its attendant inequalities in the socially conservative environment of Pakistan. The discriminatory legal framework that criminalizes sex outside marriage and non-therapeutic use of drugs goes unchallenged by NGOs, despite their apparent support for universal human rights, partly because the status quo stabilizes these organizations’ position as brokers between state and donor agencies and the so-called risk groups of HIV.

中文翻译：

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巴基斯坦艾滋病毒预防部门的耻辱和策略

非政府组织经常描绘商业性工作者、注射吸毒者、变性人（hijrae)，以及作为准法人的男同性恋者，他们被锁定在与国家的治安-犯罪关系中，因此需要他们来调解这种关系。通过推进此类描绘，巴基斯坦艾滋病毒预防部门的非政府组织利用了所谓的艾滋病毒高危人群的假定文化差异。他们将针对这些群体的污名作为获得资金的策略，并巩固自己在不稳定的捐助者主导的艾滋病毒预防资金环境中作为经纪人的地位。在这样做的过程中，非政府组织的领导人和成员最终稳定了耻辱感并加强了巴基斯坦社会保守环境中随之而来的不平等现象。将婚外性行为和非治疗性使用毒品定为犯罪的歧视性法律框架没有受到非政府组织的质疑，