Genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient-sensing, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication were the original nine hallmarks of ageing proposed by López-Otín and colleagues in 2013. The proposal of these hallmarks of ageing has been instrumental in guiding and pushing forward research on the biology of ageing. In the nearly past 10 years, our in-depth exploration on ageing research has enabled us to formulate new hallmarks of ageing which are compromised autophagy, microbiome disturbance, altered mechanical properties, splicing dysregulation, and inflammation, among other emerging ones. Amalgamation of the ‘old’ and ‘new’ hallmarks of ageing may provide a more comprehensive explanation of ageing and age-related diseases, shedding light on interventional and therapeutic studies to achieve healthy, happy, and productive lives in the elderly.

中文翻译：

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老龄化的新标志：2022 年哥本哈根老龄化会议总结

基因组不稳定、端粒损耗、表观遗传改变、线粒体功能障碍、蛋白质稳态丧失、营养感应失调、细胞衰老、干细胞耗竭和细胞间通讯改变是 López-Otín 及其同事在 2013 年提出的衰老的最初九个标志。这些衰老特征的提出有助于指导和推动衰老生物学的研究。在过去近 10 年中，我们对衰老研究的深入探索使我们能够制定新的衰老标志，包括自噬受损、微生物组紊乱、机械性能改变、剪接失调和炎症等新出现的标志。