Ongoing climate change has considerably reduced the seasonal window for crop vernalization, concurrently expanding cultivation area into northern latitudes with long-day photoperiod. To address these changes, cool season legume breeders need to understand molecular control of vernalization and photoperiod. A key floral transition gene integrating signals from these pathways is the Flowering locus T (FT). Here, a recently domesticated grain legume, yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.), was explored for potential involvement of FT homologues in abolition of vernalization and photoperiod requirements. Two FTa (LlutFTa1a and LlutFTa1b) and FTc (LlutFTc1 and LlutFTc2) homologues were identified and sequenced for two contrasting parents of a reference recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, an early-flowering cultivar Wodjil and a late-flowering wild-type P28213. Large deletions were detected in the 5′ promoter regions of three FT homologues. Quantitative trait loci were identified for flowering time and vernalization response in the RIL population and in a diverse panel of wild and domesticated accessions. A 2227 bp deletion found in the LlutFTc1 promoter was linked with early phenology and vernalization independence, whereas LlutFTa1a and LlutFTc2 indels with photoperiod responsiveness. Comparative mapping highlighted convergence of FTc1 indel evolution in two Old World lupin species, addressing both artificial selection during domestication and natural adaptation to short season environmental conditions. We concluded that rapid flowering in yellow lupin is associated with the de-repression of the LlutFTc1 homologue from the juvenile phase, putatively due to the elimination of all binding sites in the promoter region for the AGAMOUS-like 15 transcription factor.

中文翻译：

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FLOWERING LOCUS T indel 变体赋予黄羽扇豆（Lupinus luteus L.）春化独立和光周期不敏感的开花

持续的气候变化大大缩短了作物春化的季节性窗口，同时将种植面积扩大到具有长日照周期的北纬地区。为了应对这些变化，冷季豆类育种者需要了解春化和光周期的分子控制。整合来自这些途径的信号的关键花转化基因是开花基因座 T (FT)。在这里，研究了一种最近驯化的谷物豆科植物黄羽扇豆 (Lupinus luteus L.)，以发现 FT 同源物可能参与消除春化和光周期要求。两个 FTa (LlutFTa1a 和 LlutFTa1b) 和 FTc (LlutFTc1 和 LlutFTc2) 同源物被鉴定和测序参考重组近交系 (RIL) 群体的两个对比亲本，一个早开花的品种 Wodjil 和一个晚开花的野生型 P28213。在三个 FT 同源物的 5' 启动子区域中检测到大的缺失。在 RIL 种群和野生和驯化种质的多样化小组中，确定了开花时间和春化反应的数量性状基因座。在 LlutFTc1 启动子中发现的 2227 bp 缺失与早期物候和春化独立性有关，而 LlutFTa1a 和 LlutFTc2 插入缺失与光周期反应性有关。比较映射突出了两个旧世界羽扇豆物种中 FTc1 插入缺失进化的收敛性，解决了驯化过程中的人工选择和对短季环境条件的自然适应。