Maternal periodontal disease (PED) and apical periodontitis (AP) are associated insulin resistance (IR), increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, and alterations in insulin signaling (IS) in the gastrocnemius muscle (GM) of adult offspring. TNF-α stimulates I kappa B kinase (IKK) and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), resulting in IS attenuation. However, studies that investigated the maternal true endodontic-periodontal lesion (EPL) in offspring are scarce, and in this case, the impact could be even higher. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of EPL on the IR, IS, and inflammatory pathways on the offspring GM.

中文翻译：

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母体真性牙髓-牙周联合病变对成年子代胰岛素和炎症通路的影响

母体牙周病 (PED) 和根尖周炎 (AP) 与成人腓肠肌 (GM) 的胰岛素抵抗 (IR)、肿瘤坏死因子 -α (TNF-α) 水平升高以及胰岛素信号传导 (IS) 改变相关后代。TNF-α 刺激 I kappa B 激酶 (IKK) 和 c-Jun N 末端蛋白激酶 (JNK)，导致 IS 减弱。然而，调查母体真正的牙髓-牙周病变（EPL）对后代的研究很少，在这种情况下，影响可能会更大。本研究旨在评估 EPL 对子代 GM 的 IR、IS 和炎症通路的影响。