Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the daily lives of people and may affect their well-being. The aim of the present study is to assess well-being and associated factors during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population in three European countries.

Methods

GreenCOVID was an observational cross-sectional study using an online survey (7 April 2020 to 24 July 2020) promoted by the Health & Territory Research (HTR) of the University of Seville in Spain, Maynooth University in Ireland, and the University of Winchester in England, which included a sample of 3109 unselected adults. Well-being was measured using the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) scale. Seven aspects, related to the natural environment of the home, were evaluated (role of outdoor views in coping with lockdown, importance of blue spaces during lockdown, importance of green spaces during lockdown, quality of view from home, use of outdoor spaces or window views, elements of nature in the home, and views of green or blue spaces from home). Binary logistic regression was conducted to identify the parameters associated with poor well-being.

Results

Mean age was 39.7 years and 79.3% lived in Spain, the majority in urban areas (92.8%). 73.0% were female and 72.0% had undertaken university studies. Poor well-being was reported by 59.0%, while 26.6% indicated the possible presence of clinical depression. The factors most associated with poor well-being were students (OR = 1.541), those who had no engagement in physical activity (OR = 1.389), those who reported ‘living in Spain’ compared to Ireland (OR = 0.724), being female (OR = 1.256), poor quality views from home (OR = 0.887), less benefit from views of the natural environment to cope with lockdown (OR = 0.964), and those younger in age (OR = 0.990).

Conclusions

More than half of participants reported poor well-being and one in four indicated the possible presence of clinical depression during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We identified that belonging to a younger age cohort, being a student, being female, not being able to continue with daily pursuits such as physical activity, and having poorer quality of views from home led to poor well-being among participants. Our study highlights the importance of continued physical activity and views of nature to improve the well-being of individuals during times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

中文翻译：

---

在 COVID-19 大流行期间，在家中或在家里欣赏自然景观对健康的重要性。GreenCOVID 研究结果

介绍

COVID-19 大流行影响了人们的日常生活，并可能影响他们的福祉。本研究的目的是评估三个欧洲国家普通人群在第一波 COVID-19 大流行期间的福祉和相关因素。

方法

GreenCOVID 是一项观察性横断面研究，采用在线调查（2020 年 4 月 7 日至 2020 年 7 月 24 日），由西班牙塞维利亚大学、爱尔兰梅努斯大学和温彻斯特大学的健康与领土研究 (HTR) 推动。英国，其中包括 3109 名未经选择的成年人样本。使用世界卫生组织五种幸福指数（WHO-5）量表来衡量幸福感。评估了与家庭自然环境相关的七个方面（户外景观在应对封锁中的作用、封锁期间蓝色空间的重要性、封锁期间绿色空间的重要性、家里的视野质量、户外空间或窗户的使用视图、家中的自然元素以及家中绿色或蓝色空间的视图）。进行二元逻辑回归以确定与不良健康状况相关的参数。

结果

平均年龄为 39.7 岁，79.3% 居住在西班牙，其中大多数居住在城市地区 (92.8%)。73.0% 为女性，72.0% 接受过大学教育。59.0% 的人表示健康状况不佳，26.6% 的人表示可能存在临床抑郁症。与幸福感不佳最相关的因素是学生（OR = 1.541）、不参加体育活动的人（OR = 1.389）、与爱尔兰相比“生活在西班牙”的人（OR = 0.724）、女性（OR = 1.256）、家中景观质量差（OR = 0.887）、应对封锁时从自然环境景观中获益较少（OR = 0.964）以及年龄较小的人（OR = 0.990）。

结论

超过一半的参与者报告健康状况不佳，四分之一的参与者表示在第一波 COVID-19 大流行期间可能存在临床抑郁症。我们发现，属于年轻群体、学生、女性、无法继续进行身体活动等日常活动以及在家中视野质量较差导致参与者的幸福感较差。我们的研究强调了在新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 大流行等危机时期，持续的身体活动和自然观对于改善个人福祉的重要性。