Neural regeneration has troubled investigators worldwide in the past decades. Currently, cell transplantation emerged as a breakthrough targeted therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) in the neurotrauma field, which provides a promising strategy in neural regeneration. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a specialized type of glial cells, is considered as the excellent candidate due to its unique variable and intrinsic regeneration-supportive properties. In fact, OECs could support olfactory receptor neuron turnover and axonal extension, which is essential to maintain the function of olfactory nervous system. Hitherto, an increasing number of literatures demonstrate that transplantation of OECs exerts vital roles in neural regeneration and functional recovery after neural injury, including central and peripheral nervous system. It is common knowledge that the deteriorating microenvironment (ischemia, hypoxia, scar, acute and chronic inflammation, etc.) resulting from injured nervous system is adverse for neural regeneration. Interestingly, recent studies indicated that OECs could promote neural repair through improvement of the disastrous microenvironments, especially to the overwhelmed inflammatory responses. Although OECs possess unusual advantages over other cells for neural repair, particularly in SCI, the mechanisms of OEC-mediated neural repair are still controversial with regard to anti-inflammation. Therefore, it is significant to summarize the anti-inflammation property of OECs, which is helpful to understand the biological characteristics of OECs and drive future studies. Here, we mainly focus on the anti-inflammatory role of OECs to make systematic review and discuss OEC-based therapy for CNS injury.

在过去的几十年里，神经再生一直困扰着全世界的研究人员。目前，细胞移植已成为神经创伤领域脊髓损伤（SCI）的突破性靶向治疗，为神经再生提供了有希望的策略。嗅鞘细胞 (OECs) 是一种特殊类型的神经胶质细胞，由于其独特的可变性和内在的再生支持特性，被认为是优秀的候选者。事实上，OECs 可以支持嗅觉受体神经元的转换和轴突延伸，这对于维持嗅觉神经系统的功能至关重要。迄今为止，越来越多的文献表明，OECs 的移植在包括中枢和周围神经系统在内的神经损伤后的神经再生和功能恢复中发挥着至关重要的作用。众所周知，神经系统受损导致的微环境恶化（缺血、缺氧、瘢痕、急慢性炎症等）不利于神经再生。有趣的是，最近的研究表明，OEC 可以通过改善灾难性的微环境来促进神经修复，尤其是对不堪重负的炎症反应。尽管 OEC 在神经修复方面比其他细胞具有不同寻常的优势，特别是在 SCI 中，但 OEC 介导的神经修复机制在抗炎方面仍存在争议。因此，总结OECs的抗炎特性具有重要意义，有助于了解OECs的生物学特性并推动未来的研究。这里，