The knowledge on parental experiences is critical to predict how organisms react to environmental challenges. So, the DNA integrity of Procambarus clarkii spermatozoa exposed ex vivo to the herbicide penoxsulam (Px) or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS; model genotoxicant) was assessed with and without the influence of in vivo parental exposure to the same agents. The parental exposure alone did not affect the DNA of unexposed spermatozoa. However, the history of Px exposure increased the vulnerability to oxidative lesions in Px-exposed offspring. Otherwise, parental exposure to EMS allowed the development of protection mechanisms expressed when F₁ was also exposed to EMS, unveiling life history as a shield. The parental exposure to a different agent adverse and decisively affected Px spermiotoxic potential, pointing out life history as a shadow to progeny. Given the complexity of the aquatic contamination scenarios, involving mixtures, the spermiotoxicity of Px to wild P. clarkii populations emerged as probable.

关于父母经历的知识对于预测生物体如何应对环境挑战至关重要。因此，在体外暴露于除草剂五氟磺草胺 (Px) 或甲磺酸乙酯 (EMS；模型基因毒物) 的克拉基原杆菌精子的 DNA 完整性进行了评估，无论是否受到体内父母暴露于相同药剂的影响。单独的父母暴露不会影响未暴露精子的DNA。然而，Px 暴露史增加了 Px 暴露后代对氧化损伤的易感性。否则，父母接触 EMS 允许发展 F _{1时表达的保护机制}还暴露于EMS，揭开了生活史的面纱。父母暴露于不同的药剂不利并决定性地影响了 Px 精子毒性潜力，指出生活史是后代的阴影。鉴于涉及混合物的水生污染情景的复杂性，Px 对野生克拉氏疟原虫种群的精子毒性很可能出现。