The restorative function of sleep is shaped by its duration, timing, continuity, subjective quality, and efficiency. Current sleep recommendations specify only nocturnal duration and have been largely derived from sleep self-reports that can be imprecise and miss relevant details. Sleep duration, preferred timing, and ability to withstand sleep deprivation are heritable traits whose expression may change with age and affect the optimal sleep prescription for an individual. Prevailing societal norms and circumstances related to work and relationships interact to influence sleep opportunity and quality. The value of allocating time for sleep is revealed by the impact of its restriction on behavior, functional brain imaging, sleep macrostructure, and late-life cognition. Augmentation of sleep slow oscillations and spindles have been proposed for enhancing sleep quality, but they inconsistently achieve their goal. Crafting bespoke sleep recommendations could benefit from large-scale, longitudinal collection of objective sleep data integrated with behavioral and self-reported data.

中文翻译：

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了解睡眠对改善认知的必要性

睡眠的恢复功能取决于其持续时间、时间、连续性、主观质量和效率。目前的睡眠建议仅指定夜间持续时间，并且很大程度上来自睡眠自我报告，这些报告可能不精确并且会遗漏相关细节。睡眠持续时间、首选时间和承受睡眠剥夺的能力是遗传特征，其表达可能会随着年龄而变化，并影响个人的最佳睡眠处方。与工作和人际关系相关的普遍社会规范和环境相互作用，影响睡眠机会和质量。分配睡眠时间的价值体现在其对行为、功能性大脑成像、睡眠宏观结构和晚年认知的影响。已经提出增强睡眠慢振荡和纺锤波来提高睡眠质量，但它们并不一致地实现了目标。制定定制的睡眠建议可以受益于大规模、纵向收集的客观睡眠数据与行为和自我报告数据的结合。