Ammonia (NH₃) is essential for the industrial production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, plastics, synthetic fibers, resins, and chemicals, and it is also a promising carbon-free energy carrier. The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) driven by renewable energy sources at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure is an alternative approach to the Haber–Bosch process for NH₃ synthesis. However, the efficient electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen (N₂) to NH₃ is challenging due to the lack of effective electrocatalysts. Tremendous effort has been made to develop high-performance electrocatalysts for the eNRR in the past few years. In this review, we summarize recent progress relating to electrocatalysts for the eNRR from both theoretical and experimental aspects. Remaining challenges and perspectives for promoting the eNRR to generate NH₃ are also discussed. This review hopes to guide the design and development of efficient electrocatalysts for the eNRR for NH₃ synthesis.

中文翻译：

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电化学氮还原氨催化剂的开发：理论和实验进展

氨（NH ₃）对于化肥、药品、塑料、合成纤维、树脂和化学品的工业生产至关重要，也是一种很有前途的无碳能源载体。在环境温度和大气压下由可再生能源驱动的电催化氮还原反应 (eNRR) 是用于 NH ₃合成的 Haber-Bosch 工艺的替代方法。然而，氮（N ₂）的有效电催化还原为NH ₃由于缺乏有效的电催化剂而具有挑战性。在过去的几年中，已经做出了巨大的努力来开发用于 eNRR 的高性能电催化剂。在这篇综述中，我们从理论和实验两个方面总结了与 eNRR 电催化剂相关的最新进展。还讨论了促进 eNRR 生成 NH _{3的剩余挑战和前景。}本综述希望能够指导设计和开发用于 NH ₃合成的 eNRR 的高效电催化剂。