Pressures generated by external forces or by internal body processes represent parameters of critical importance in diagnosing physiological health and in anticipating injuries. Examples span intracranial hypertension from traumatic brain injuries, high blood pressure from poor diet, pressure-induced skin ulcers from immobility, and edema from congestive heart failure. Pressures measured on the soft surfaces of vital organs or within internal cavities of the body can provide essential insights into patient status and progression. Challenges lie in the development of high-performance pressure sensors that can softly interface with biological tissues to enable safe monitoring for extended periods of time. This review focuses on recent advances in mechanically active materials and structural designs for classes of soft pressure sensors that have proven uses in these contexts. The discussions include applications of such sensors as implantable and wearable systems, with various unique capabilities in wireless continuous monitoring, minimally invasive deployment, natural degradation in biofluids, and/or multiplexed spatiotemporal mapping. A concluding section summarizes challenges and future opportunities for this growing field of materials and biomedical research.

中文翻译：

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用于生物接口压力传感器的机械活性材料和器件——综述

由外力或身体内部过程产生的压力代表了在诊断生理健康和预测伤害方面至关重要的参数。例子包括创伤性脑损伤引起的颅内高压、不良饮食引起的高血压、压力引起的不动性皮肤溃疡以及充血性心力衰竭引起的水肿。在重要器官的软表面或身体内腔内测得的压力可以提供对患者状态和进展的重要见解。挑战在于开发高性能压力传感器，这些传感器可以与生物组织进行软连接，以实现长时间的安全监测。本综述侧重于机械活性材料和结构设计的最新进展，这些软压力传感器类别已在这些环境中得到证实。讨论包括此类传感器的应用，如可植入和可穿戴系统，在无线连续监测、微创部署、生物流体自然降解和/或多路时空映射方面具有各种独特功能。最后一节总结了这个不断发展的材料和生物医学研究领域面临的挑战和未来机遇。