Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) proteins transformed the management of advanced cancers. Many tumor-intrinsic factors modulate immunological and clinical responses to such therapies, but ample evidence also implicates the gut microbiome in responses. The gut microbiome, comprising the bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses that live in the human digestive tract, is an established determinant of host immunity, but its impact on response to ICI therapy in mice and humans with cancer has only recently been appreciated. Therapeutic interventions to optimize microbiota composition to improve immunotherapy outcomes show promise in mice and humans with cancer. In this review, we discuss the rationale for gut microbiome–based cancer therapies, the results from early-phase clinical trials, and possible future developments.

中文翻译：

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癌症免疫治疗中肠道菌群干预的事实和希望

靶向细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞相关抗原 4 (CTLA-4) 和程序性死亡 1 (PD-1) 蛋白的免疫检查点抑制剂 (ICI) 改变了晚期癌症的治疗。许多肿瘤内在因素调节对此类疗法的免疫和临床反应，但充足的证据也表明肠道微生物组参与了反应。肠道微生物组由生活在人类消化道中的细菌、古细菌、真菌和病毒组成，是宿主免疫的既定决定因素，但其对患有癌症的小鼠和人类对 ICI 治疗反应的影响直到最近才得到认识。优化微生物群组成以改善免疫治疗结果的治疗干预措施在患有癌症的小鼠和人类中显示出希望。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了基于肠道微生物组的癌症治疗的基本原理、早期临床试验的结果以及未来可能的发展。