Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles with an important role in intercellular communication, even across brain barriers. The bidirectional brain-barrier crossing capacity of EVs is supported by research identifying neuronal markers in peripheral EVs, as well as the brain delivery of peripherally administered EVs. In addition, EVs are reflective of their cellular origin, underlining their biomarker and therapeutic potential when released by diseased and regenerative cells, respectively. Both characteristics are of interest in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) where the current biomarker profile is solely based on brain-centered readouts and effective therapeutic options are lacking. In this review, we elaborate on the role of peripheral EVs in AD. We focus on bulk EVs and specific EV subpopulations including bacterial EVs (bEVs) and neuronal-derived EVs (nEVs), which have mainly been studied from a biomarker perspective. Furthermore, we highlight the therapeutic potential of peripherally administered EVs whereby research has centered around stem cell derived EVs.

细胞外囊泡 (EV) 是细胞衍生的纳米颗粒，在细胞间通讯中发挥重要作用，甚至可以跨越脑屏障。EV 的双向脑屏障穿越能力得到了识别外周 EV 中神经元标记的研究以及外周管理 EV 的大脑传递的支持。此外，EVs 反映了它们的细胞起源，强调了它们分别由患病细胞和再生细胞释放时的生物标志物和治疗潜力。这两个特征对阿尔茨海默氏病 (AD) 都很重要，目前的生物标志物概况完全基于以大脑为中心的读数，并且缺乏有效的治疗选择。在这篇综述中，我们详细阐述了外周电动汽车在 AD 中的作用。我们专注于大量 EV 和特定 EV 亚群，包括细菌 EV (bEV) 和神经元衍生 EV (nEV)，这些主要是从生物标志物的角度进行研究的。此外，我们强调了外周管理的 EV 的治疗潜力，研究集中在干细胞衍生的 EV 上。