Estrogen governs the regulations of various pathological and physiological actions throughout the body in both males and females. Generally, 17β-estradiol an endogenous estrogen is responsible for different health problems in pre and postmenopausal women. The major activities of endogenous estrogen are executed by nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ while non-genomic cytoplasmic pathways also govern cell growth and apoptosis. Estrogen accomplished a fundamental role in the formation and progression of breast cancer. In this review, we have hyphenated different studies regarding ERs and a thorough and detailed study of estrogen receptors is presented. This review highlights different aspects of estrogens ranging from receptor types, their isoforms, structures, signaling pathways of ERα, ERβ and GPER along with their crystal structures, pathological roles of ER, ER ligands, and therapeutic strategies to overcome the resistance.

雌激素控制男性和女性全身各种病理和生理活动的调节。一般来说，17β-雌二醇和内源性雌激素是造成绝经前和绝经后妇女不同健康问题的原因。内源性雌激素的主要活性由核雌激素受体 (ER) ERα 和 ERβ 执行，而非基因组细胞质途径也控制细胞生长和凋亡。雌激素在乳腺癌的形成和发展中发挥了重要作用。在这篇综述中，我们结合了关于 ER 的不同研究，并对雌激​​素受体进行了全面而详细的研究。这篇综述重点介绍了雌激素的不同方面，包括受体类型、它们的亚型、结构、ERα、ERβ 和 GPER 的信号通路及其晶体结构，