Anthropogenic habitat modification significantly challenges biodiversity. With its intensification, understanding species' capacity to adapt is critical for conservation planning. However, little is known about whether and how different species are responding, particularly among frogs. We used a continental-scale citizen science dataset of >226,000 audio recordings of 42 Australian frog species to investigate how calling—a proxy for breeding—phenology varied along an anthropogenic modification gradient. Calling started earlier and breeding seasons lengthened with increasing modification intensity. Breeding seasons averaged 22.9 ± 8.25 days (standard error) longer in the most modified compared to the least modified regions, suggesting that frog breeding activity was sensitive to habitat modification. We also examined whether calls varied along a modification gradient by analysing the temporal and spectral properties of advertisement calls from a subset of 441 audio recordings of three broadly distributed frog species. There was no appreciable effect of anthropogenic habitat modification on any of the measured call variables, although there was high variability. With continued habitat modification, species may shift towards earlier and longer breeding seasons, with largely unknown ecological consequences in terms of proximate and ultimate fitness.

中文翻译：

---

人为栖息地的改变改变了青蛙的呼唤物候

人为的栖息地改造对生物多样性构成了重大挑战。随着其集约化，了解物种的适应能力对于保护规划至关重要。然而，人们对不同物种是否以及如何做出反应知之甚少，尤其是青蛙。我们使用了包含 42 种澳大利亚青蛙物种的超过 226,000 条录音的大陆规模公民科学数据集来研究叫声（繁殖的代表）物候如何随着人为改变梯度而变化。随着修改强度的增加，呼叫开始得更早，繁殖季节也更长。与修改最少的区域相比，修改最多的区域的繁殖季节平均长 22.9 ± 8.25 天（标准误差），这表明青蛙繁殖活动对栖息地修改很敏感。我们还通过分析来自三种广泛分布的青蛙物种的 441 条录音的子集的广告呼叫的时间和频谱特性，检查了呼叫是否沿着修改梯度变化。尽管变化很大，但人为栖息地改造对任何测量的呼叫变量都没有明显影响。随着栖息地的持续改变，物种可能会转向更早和更长的繁殖季节，而在近似和最终适应性方面的生态后果在很大程度上是未知的。尽管存在很大的可变性。随着栖息地的持续改变，物种可能会转向更早和更长的繁殖季节，而在近似和最终适应性方面的生态后果在很大程度上是未知的。尽管存在很大的可变性。随着栖息地的持续改变，物种可能会转向更早和更长的繁殖季节，而在近似和最终适应性方面的生态后果在很大程度上是未知的。