To reach the Paris Agreement, societies need to increase the global terrestrial carbon sink. There are many climate change mitigation solutions (CCMS) for forests, including increasing bioenergy, bioeconomy, and protection. Bioenergy and bioeconomy solutions use climate-smart, intensive management to generate high quantities of bioenergy and bioproducts. Protection of (semi-)natural forests is a major component of “natural climate solution” (NCS) since forests store carbon in standing biomass and soil. Furthermore, protected forests provide more habitat for biodiversity and non-wood ecosystem services (ES). We investigated the impacts of different CCMS and climate scenarios, jointly or in isolation, on future wood ES, non-wood ES, and regulating ES for a major wood provider for the international market. Specifically, we projected future ES given by three CCMS scenarios for Sweden 2020–2100. In the long term, fulfilling the increasing wood demand through bioenergy and bioeconomy solutions will decrease ES multifunctionality, but the increased stand age and wood stocks induced by rising greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations will partially offset these negative effects. Adopting bioenergy and bioeconomy solutions will have a greater negative impact on ES supply than adopting NCS. Bioenergy or bioeconomy solutions, as well as increasing GHG emissions, will reduce synergies and increase trade-offs in ES. NCS, by contrast, increases the supply of multiple ES in synergy, even transforming current ES trade-offs into future synergies. Moreover, NCS can be considered an adaptation measure to offset negative climate change effects on the future supplies of non-wood ES. In boreal countries around the world, forestry strategies that integrate NCS more deeply are crucial to ensure a synergistic supply of multiple ES.

中文翻译：

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森林生态系统服务与自然气候解决方案而不是生物经济解决方案之间未来的协同作用更多，权衡取舍更少

为达成《巴黎协定》，社会需要增加全球陆地碳汇。有许多针对森林的气候变化缓解解决方案 (CCMS)，包括增加生物能源、生物经济和保护。生物能源和生物经济解决方案使用气候智能型集约化管理来产生大量生物能源和生物产品。保护（半）天然林是“自然气候解决方案”（NCS）的一个重要组成部分，因为森林将碳储存在生物质和土壤中。此外，受保护的森林为生物多样性和非木材生态系统服务 (ES) 提供了更多的栖息地。我们调查了不同 CCMS 和气候情景（联合或单独）对国际市场主要木材供应商未来木材 ES、非木材 ES 和监管 ES 的影响。具体来说，我们预测了瑞典 2020-2100 年的三个 CCMS 情景给出的未来 ES。从长远来看，通过生物能源和生物经济解决方案满足不断增长的木材需求将降低 ES 的多功能性，但温室气体 (GHG) 浓度上升导致的林龄和木材存量增加将部分抵消这些负面影响。采用生物能源和生物经济解决方案将比采用 NCS 对 ES 供应产生更大的负面影响。生物能源或生物经济解决方案，以及不断增加的温室气体排放，将减少协同效应并增加 ES 的权衡取舍。相比之下，NCS 协同增加了多个 ES 的供应，甚至将当前 ES 的权衡转化为未来的协同作用。此外，NCS 可被视为一种适应措施，以抵消气候变化对未来非木材 ES 供应的负面影响。