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Anticipating infection: How parasitism risk changes animal physiology
Functional Ecology ( IF 5.2 ) Pub Date : 2022-08-04 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14155
Patricia C. Lopes 1
Affiliation  

1 INTRODUCTION

Animals can perceive the risk of parasitism. The best line of evidence for this is the multiple studies of behavioural avoidance of parasites (Cremer et al., 2007; Lopes, 2020; Lopes et al., 2022; Meunier, 2015). Animals are able to detect parasitized conspecifics and their cues, they can detect contaminated habitats, food and water, and, in a few instances, it has even been shown that animals detect parasites themselves (Lopes et al., 2022). Detection of these indicators of risk of parasitism elicits changes in behaviour that can help reduce parasitism. These changes in behaviour upon detection of parasitism risk are therefore considered an animal's first line of defence against parasites. The most well-studied defences against parasites are, however, the ones occurring after the onset of infection, involving a set of physiological responses that can help limit parasite growth, reduce tissue injury and support tissue repair—immune responses. Given that animals can detect parasites, why not trigger some of these immune responses pre-emptively, in a prophylactic manner, when in situations of high risk of parasitism?

In this perspective, I will highlight studies that have shown that animals produce physiological responses to parasitism risk. I then discuss our current understanding of how these responses may affect animal fitness, with implications for disease transmission. My aim is to encourage research into these mechanisms, as well as their consequences, so we can better understand the underlying causes of variation in disease susceptibility, and better predict disease spread.

Physiological responses will be considered as biophysical and biochemical responses taking place at the cellular or organ level (such as reproductive, immune or neural responses) while behavioural responses will be considered as organismal level actions (such as eating, drinking or running). Please note however that, ultimately, these responses are connected because behavioural responses can affect physiology and physiology controls behaviour. More specifically, I consider here physiological responses to parasitism risk as those physiological responses that take place in organisms that are aware of parasitism risk but are not themselves currently parasitized. I will use the terms parasite and pathogen interchangeably, as organisms that reduce the fitness of their host, and include both macro (e.g. worms and ticks) and micro-organisms (e.g. bacteria and viruses) when using these terms.



中文翻译:

预期感染:寄生风险如何改变动物生理机能

1 简介

动物可以感知寄生的风险。最好的证据是对寄生虫行为回避的多项研究(Cremer 等人,  2007 年;Lopes,  2020 年;Lopes 等人,  2022 年;Meunier,  2015 年)。动 _). 检测这些寄生风险指标会引发行为改变,从而有助于减少寄生。因此,这些在检测到寄生虫风险后的行为变化被认为是动物抵御寄生虫的第一道防线。然而,针对寄生虫的最深入研究的防御措施是在感染开始后发生的防御措施,涉及一系列有助于限制寄生虫生长、减少组织损伤和支持组织修复的生理反应——免疫反应。鉴于动物可以检测到寄生虫,为什么不在寄生虫感染风险高的情况下以预防的方式先发制人地触发其中一些免疫反应呢?

从这个角度来看,我将强调表明动物对寄生风险产生生理反应的研究。然后,我将讨论我们目前对这些反应如何影响动物健康以及对疾病传播的影响的理解。我的目标是鼓励对这些机制及其后果进行研究,以便我们更好地了解疾病易感性变化的根本原因,并更好地预测疾病传播。

生理反应将被视为发生在细胞或器官水平的生物物理和生化反应(例如生殖、免疫或神经反应),而行为反应将被视为有机体水平的动作(例如进食、饮水或跑步)。但请注意,归根结底,这些反应是相互关联的,因为行为反应会影响生理,而生理会控制行为。更具体地说,我在这里将对寄生风险的生理反应视为发生在意识到寄生风险但自身目前未被寄生的生物体中的那些生理反应。我将互换使用寄生虫和病原体这两个术语,作为降低宿主适应性的生物,包括宏观生物(例如蠕虫和蜱虫)和微生物(例如

更新日期:2022-08-04
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