Past research syntheses provided evidence that personality traits are both stable and changeable throughout the life span. However, early meta-analytic estimates were constrained by a relatively small universe of longitudinal studies, many of which tracked personality traits in small samples over moderate time periods using measures that were only loosely related to contemporary trait models such as the Big Five. Since then, hundreds of new studies have emerged allowing for more precise estimates of personality trait stability and change across the life span. Here, we updated and extended previous research syntheses on personality trait development by synthesizing novel longitudinal data on rank-order stability (total k = 189, total N = 178,503) and mean-level change (total k = 276, N = 242,542) from studies published after January 1, 2005. Consistent with earlier meta-analytic findings, the rank-order stability of personality traits increased significantly throughout early life before reaching a plateau in young adulthood. These increases in stability coincide with mean-level changes in the direction of greater maturity. In contrast to previous findings, we found little evidence for increasing rank-order stabilities after Age 25. Moreover, cumulative mean-level trait changes across the life span were slightly smaller than previously estimated. Emotional stability, however, increased consistently and more substantially across the life span than previously found. Moderator analyses indicated that narrow facet-level and maladaptive trait measures were less stable than broader domain and adaptive trait measures. Overall, the present findings draw a more precise picture of the life span development of personality traits and highlight important gaps in the personality development literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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人格稳定性和变化：纵向研究的荟萃分析。

过去的研究综合提供了人格特质在整个生命周期中既稳定又可变的证据。然而，早期的荟萃分析估计受到相对较小的纵向研究范围的限制，其中许多纵向研究使用与当代特质模型（如五巨头）仅松散相关的措施在适度时间段内跟踪小样本的人格特质。从那时起，出现了数百项新研究，可以更精确地估计人格特质的稳定性和整个生命周期的变化。在这里，我们通过综合关于排序稳定性（总 k = 189，总 N = 178,503）和平均水平变化（总 k = 276，N = 242,542）的新纵向数据，更新和扩展了先前关于人格特质发展的研究综合2005 年 1 月 1 日之后发表的研究。与早期的荟萃分析结果一致，人格特质的排序稳定性在整个生命早期显着增加，然后在成年早期达到稳定水平。这些稳定性的增加与平均水平向更高成熟度方向的变化相吻合。与之前的研究结果相反，我们几乎没有发现 25 岁之后等级顺序稳定性增加的证据。此外，整个生命周期的累积平均水平特征变化略小于之前的估计。然而，情绪稳定性在整个生命周期中持续增加，而且比以前发现的更显着。调节分析表明，狭窄的方面水平和适应不良的特质措施比更广泛的领域和适应性特质措施更不稳定。全面的，目前的研究结果更准确地描述了人格特质的生命周期发展，并突出了人格发展文献中的重要差距。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。