From June to August 2020, an observational network of 103 meteorological ground-based stations covered the greater area (50 km × 35 km) of Hamburg (Germany) as part of the Field Experiment on Sub-mesoscale Spatio-Temporal variability at Hanseatic city of Hamburg (FESST@HH). The purpose of the experiment was to shed light on the sub-mesoscale (𝒪(100) m–𝒪(10) km) structure of convective cold pools that typically remain under-resolved in operational networks. During the experiment, 82 custom-built, low-cost APOLLO (Autonomous cold POoL LOgger) stations sampled air temperature and pressure with fast-response sensors at 1 s resolution to adequately capture the strong and rapid perturbations associated with propagating cold pool fronts. A secondary network of 21 weather stations with commercial sensors provided additional information on relative humidity, wind speed, and precipitation at 10 s resolution. The realization of the experiment during the COVID-19 pandemic was facilitated by a large number of volunteers who provided measurement sites on their premises and supported station maintenance. This article introduces the novel type of autonomously operating instruments, their measurement characteristics, and the FESST@HH data set (https://doi.org/10.25592/UHHFDM.10172; Kirsch et al., 2021b). A case study demonstrates that the network is capable of mapping the horizontal structure of the temperature signal inside a cold pool, and quantifying a cold pool's size and propagation velocity throughout its life cycle. Beyond its primary purpose, the data set offers new insights into the spatial and temporal characteristics of the nocturnal urban heat island and variations of turbulent temperature fluctuations associated with different urban and natural environments.

中文翻译：

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德国汉堡具有密集台站网络的对流冷池的亚中尺度观测

2020 年 6 月至 2020 年 8 月，103 个地面气象站的观测网络覆盖了汉堡（德国）的更大区域（50 公里 ×  35 公里），作为汉萨同盟城市亚中尺度时空变率现场实验的一部分汉堡 (FESST@HH)。该实验的目的是阐明对流冷池的亚中尺度 ( 𝒪 (100)  m – 𝒪 (10)  km ) 结构，这些结构通常在运行网络中仍未得到充分解决。在实验过程中，82 个定制的低成本 APOLLO（自治冷池记录仪）站通过快速响应传感器在 1 秒内对空气温度和压力进行采样分辨率以充分捕捉与传播的冷池锋相关的强烈而快速的扰动。由 21 个带有商业传感器的气象站组成的二级网络以 10秒的分辨率提供了有关相对湿度、风速和降水的额外信息 。在 COVID-19 大流行期间实验的实现得到了大量志愿者的帮助，他们在他们的场所提供了测量站点并支持站点维护。本文介绍了新型自主操作仪器、它们的测量特性以及 FESST@HH 数据集 （https://doi.org/10.25592/UHHFDM.10172；Kirsch 等人，2021b）. 案例研究表明，该网络能够映射冷池内温度信号的水平结构，并量化冷池在其整个生命周期中的大小和传播速度。除了其主要目的之外，该数据集还提供了对夜间城市热岛的空间和时间特征以及与不同城市和自然环境相关的湍流温度波动变化的新见解。