Deep rock tunneling exhibits a significant three-dimensional (3D) space effect. The complex stress path and extrusion deformation during excavation are the most significant and decisive factors in the stability and construction safety of a deep tunnel. 3D and forward numerical analyses based on generalized Zhang–Zhu (GZZ) strength criterion are performed to investigate the principal stress rotation behavior and active control mechanism during deep tunneling. The surrounding rock element experiences significant stress rotations because of the sharply increased shear stress (τ_ry) near the tunnel face. A dimensionless stress index (τ_ry/I₁) is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the principal stress rotation during excavation. τ_ry/I₁ increases with increasing buried depth, and the deep tunnel presents significant principal stress rotation that reaches a large τ_ry/I₁ value. The mechanical behavior of the advanced core rock is primarily affected by the strengthening parameter, geological strength index (GSI). Strengthening of the core rock can greatly improve the stress conditions and mechanical behavior, increase the strength of the rock mass, and reduce the stress rotation. The pre-extrusion deformation of the core rock and pre-convergence of the surrounding rock are discovered to follow a consistency law, which suggests that the pre-convergence deformation and surrounding rock stability near the tunnel face depend on the extrusion deformation of the tunnel face. The GZZ strength-based 3D forward analysis and stress control method proposed in this study can enhance the design and construction of deep and ultra-deep tunnels by weakening the 3D space effect (e.g., tunnel face extrusion and stress rotation) and exerting the strength potential (self-bearing capacity) of a rock mass.

深部岩石隧道掘进表现出显着的三维 (3D) 空间效应。开挖过程中复杂的应力路径和挤压变形是影响深部隧道稳定性和施工安全的最重要和决定性因素。基于广义张朱 (GZZ) 强度准则的 3D 和正向数值分析旨在研究深部隧道掘进过程中的主应力旋转行为和主动控制机制。由于隧道掌子面附近的剪应力（ τ _ry ）急剧增加，围岩单元经历了显着的应力旋转。无量纲应力指数 ( τ _ry / I ₁) 用于定量评估开挖过程中的主应力旋转。τ _ry / I ₁随埋深增加而增大，深部隧道呈现明显的主应力旋转，达到较大的τ _ry / I ₁价值。先进岩心的力学行为主要受强化参数、地质强度指数（GSI）的影响。岩心强化可以大大改善应力条件和力学行为，增加岩体强度，减少应力旋转。发现岩心预挤压变形和围岩预收敛遵循一致性规律，说明掌子面附近预收敛变形和围岩稳定性取决于掌子面挤压变形。 . 本研究提出的基于 GZZ 强度的 3D 正演分析和应力控制方法可以通过削弱 3D 空间效应（例如，