The incorporation of lead into most consumer items such as gasoline, paints, and welding materials is generally prohibited. However, lead–acid batteries (LABs) have become popular and have emerged as a major area where lead is utilized. Appropriate recycling technologies and the safe disposal of LABs (which contain approximately 65% lead) and lead-containing waste are, therefore, vital for the sustainable development of the lead industry. This paper gives an overview of the status of the secondary lead industry from the perspective of China and summarizes the recovery technologies for waste lead paste in pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Although the pyrometallurgical methods of lead recovery have issues of high energy consumption and a large risk of lead dust and SO₂ flue gas emissions, they are still the dominant industrial technology. The full hydrometallurgical recovery process is a reasonable choice for small- and medium-sized lead-recycling enterprises, with the preparation of battery material from waste lead paste through a short process being a major goal. However, efficient methods for the development of clean and economical conversion reagents, the economic treatment of wastewater, and the disposal of the resulting byproducts are urgently needed. Pre-desulfurization-free combined electrolysis provides a new approach for the clean hydrometallurgical extraction of waste lead paste.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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我国废铅酸蓄电池废铅膏回收技术进展

通常禁止在汽油、油漆和焊接材料等大多数消费品中加入铅。然而，铅酸电池 (LAB) 已变得流行，并已成为使用铅的主要领域。因此，适当的回收技术和安全处置 LAB（含铅约 65%）和含铅废物对于铅行业的可持续发展至关重要。本文从我国的角度概述了再生铅行业的现状，总结了火法冶金和湿法冶金废铅膏的回收技术。虽然铅回收的火法冶金方法存在能耗高和铅尘和SO _{2风险大的问题}烟气排放方面，它们仍是工业技术的主导。全湿法冶金回收工艺是中小型铅回收企业的合理选择，以废铅膏短流程制备电池材料为主要目标。然而，迫切需要开发清洁和经济的转化试剂、废水的经济处理以及由此产生的副产物的处理的有效方法。免预脱硫联合电解为废铅膏的清洁湿法冶金提取提供了新途径。

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