Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) sources has many advantages for use in high-data-rate optical wireless communications (OWCs). In particular, the low-cost and high-bandwidth properties of laser sources, such as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), make them attractive for future indoor OWCs. In order to be integrated into future indoor networks, such lasers should conform to eye safety regulations determined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards for laser safety. In this article, we provide a detailed study of beam propagation to evaluate the received power of various laser sources, based on which and the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) defined by the IEC 60825-1:2014 Standard, we establish a comprehensive framework for eye safety analyses. This framework allows us to calculate the maximum allowable transmit power, which is crucial in the design of a reliable and safe laser-based wireless communication system. Initially, we consider a single-mode Gaussian beam and calculate the maximum permissible transmit power. Subsequently, we generalize this approach for higher mode beams. It is shown that the $M$ -squared-based approach for analysis of multimode lasers ensures the IEC eye safety limits; however, in some scenarios, it can be too conservative compared to the precise beam decomposition method. Laser safety analyses with consideration of optical elements, such as lens and diffuser, as well as for the VCSEL array, have been also presented. Skin safety, as another significant factor of laser safety, has also been investigated in this article. We have studied the impacts of various parameters, such as wavelength, exposure duration, and the divergence angle of laser sources on the safety analysis by presenting insightful results.

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基于激光的光无线通信的安全分析：教程

通过辐射（激光）源的受激发射进行的光放大对于用于高数据速率光无线通信 (OWC) 具有许多优势。特别是，激光源的低成本和高带宽特性，如垂直腔面发射激光器 (VCSEL)，使其对未来的室内 OWC 具有吸引力。为了集成到未来的室内网络中，此类激光器应符合国际电工委员会 (IEC) 激光安全标准确定的眼睛安全法规。在本文中，我们对光束传播进行了详细研究，以评估各种激光源的接收功率，并在此基础上和 IEC 60825-1:2014 标准定义的最大允许曝光 (MPE) 建立了一个全面的框架：眼睛安全分析。该框架允许我们计算最大允许发射功率，这对于设计可靠且安全的基于激光的无线通信系统至关重要。最初，我们考虑单模高斯光束并计算最大允许发射功率。随后，我们将这种方法推广到更高模式的光束。结果表明， $M$- 用于分析多模激光器的基于平方的方法确保了 IEC 人眼安全限值；但是，在某些情况下，与精确的光束分解方法相比，它可能过于保守。还介绍了考虑光学元件（如透镜和漫射器）以及 VCSEL 阵列的激光安全分析。作为激光安全的另一个重要因素，皮肤安全性也在本文中进行了研究。我们通过提供富有洞察力的结果研究了各种参数（例如波长、曝光持续时间和激光源的发散角）对安全性分析的影响。