Fast-charging sodium ion batteries remain deeply challenged by the lack of suitable carbonaceous anodes that exhibit intercalation plateau with fast kinetics. Here we develop a few-layer graphitic carbon with nanoscale architecture, which enables shortened Na⁺ ion diffusion path and fast formation of fully intercalated phase at the same time. Combined in situ Raman and electrochemical test reveal that this graphitic carbon with highly crystalline few layers follows surface-controlled intercalation rather than typical diffusion-controlled kinetics observed in natural graphite. As a result, a few-layer graphitic carbon anode maintains the reversible capacity of 106 mAh g^–1 at 10 A g^–1 and achieves 87% capacity retention even after 10 000 cycles at 1 A g^–1. This work provides new insight on the Na storage mechanism in fast-charging graphitic carbon as well as the design of carbon anodes for high-rate sodium ion batteries.

中文翻译：

---

少层石墨碳中钠共嵌入超快动力学的机理研究

快速充电的钠离子电池仍然面临着缺乏合适的碳质负极的挑战，这些负极表现出具有快速动力学的嵌入平台。在这里，我们开发了具有纳米级结构的几层石墨碳，它可以缩短 Na ⁺离子扩散路径并同时快速形成完全插层相。结合原位拉曼和电化学测试表明，这种具有高结晶少层的石墨碳遵循表面控制的插层，而不是在天然石墨中观察到的典型的扩散控制动力学。因此，几层石墨碳负极在 10 A g ^{-1下保持 106 mAh g -1}的可逆容量，即使在 1 A g -1 下循环 10 000 次后仍能保持 87% 的容量。^–1。这项工作为快速充电石墨碳中的钠储存机制以及高速钠离子电池碳负极的设计提供了新的见解。