Associations between airborne crude oil chemicals and symptom-based asthma,Environment International

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Associations between airborne crude oil chemicals and symptom-based asthma
Environment International ( IF 11.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-07-27 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107433
Kaitlyn G Lawrence ₁ , Nicole M Niehoff ₁ , Alexander P Keil ₂ , W Braxton Jackson ₃ , Kate Christenbury ₃ , Patricia A Stewart ₄ , Mark R Stenzel ₅ , Tran B Huynh ₆ , Caroline P Groth ₇ , Gurumurthy Ramachandran ₈ , Sudipto Banerjee ₉ , Gregory C Pratt ₁₀ , Matthew D Curry ₃ , Lawrence S Engel ₂ , Dale P Sandler ₁

Affiliation

Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Social and Scientific Systems Inc, a DLH Holdings company, Durham, NC, USA.
Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC, Arlington, VA, USA.
Exposure Assessment Applications, LLC, Arlington, VA, USA.
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Rationale

The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill response and cleanup (OSRC) workers were exposed to airborne total hydrocarbons (THC), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m-, and p-xylenes and n-hexane (BTEX-H) from crude oil and PM₂_.5 from burning/flaring oil and natural gas. Little is known about asthma risk among oil spill cleanup workers. Objectives: We assessed the relationship between asthma and several oil spill-related exposures including job classes, THC, individual BTEX-H chemicals, the BTEX-H mixture, and PM_2.5 using data from the Gulf Long-Term Follow-up (GuLF) Study, a prospective cohort of 24,937 cleanup workers and 7,671 nonworkers following the DWH disaster.

Methods

Our analysis largely focused on the 19,018 workers without asthma before the spill who had complete exposure, outcome, and covariate information. We defined incident asthma 1–3 years following exposure using both self-reported wheeze and self-reported physician diagnosis of asthma. THC and BTEX-H were assigned to participants based on measurement data and work histories, while PM_2.5 used modeled estimates. We used modified Poisson regression to estimate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between spill-related exposures and asthma and a quantile-based g-computation approach to explore the joint effect of the BTEX-H mixture on asthma risk.

Results

OSRC workers had greater asthma risk than nonworkers (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.38, 1.85). Higher estimated THC exposure levels were associated with increased risk in an exposure-dependent manner (linear trend test p < 0.0001). Asthma risk also increased with increasing exposure to individual BTEX-H chemicals and the chemical mixture: A simultaneous quartile increase in the BTEX-H mixture was associated with an increased asthma risk of 1.45 (95% CI: 1.35,1.55). With fewer cases, associations were less apparent for physician-diagnosed asthma alone.

Conclusions

THC and BTEX-H were associated with increased asthma risk defined using wheeze symptoms as well as a physician diagnosis.

中文翻译：

空气中的原油化学物质与症状性哮喘之间的关联

基本原理

2010 年深水地平线( DWH ) 溢油响应和清理 (OSRC) 工作人员暴露于空气中的总碳氢化合物 (THC)、苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯和对二甲苯以及正己烷 (BTEX-H) ) 来自原油，PM ₂_.5来自燃烧/燃烧石油和天然气。人们对溢油清理工人的哮喘风险知之甚少。目标：我们使用海湾长期随访 (GuLF) 的数据评估了哮喘与多种漏油相关暴露之间的关系，包括工作类别、THC、个别 BTEX-H 化学品、BTEX-H 混合物和 PM _{2.5这项研究是由}DWH灾难后 24,937 名清理工人和 7,671 名非工人组成的前瞻性队列。

方法

我们的分析主要集中在泄漏前没有哮喘的 19,018 名工人，他们拥有完整的暴露、结果和协变量信息。我们使用自我报告的喘息和自我报告的医生哮喘诊断来定义暴露后 1-3 年的哮喘事件。THC 和 BTEX-H 根据测量数据和工作历史分配给参与者，而 PM _2.5使用模型估计。我们使用改进的泊松回归来估计泄漏相关暴露与哮喘之间关联的风险比 (RR) 和 95% 置信区间 (CI)，并使用基于分位数的 g 计算方法来探索 BTEX-H 混合物对哮喘的联合影响。哮喘风险。

结果

OSRC 工作人员比非工作人员有更高的哮喘风险（RR：1.60，95% CI：1.38，1.85）。较高的估计 THC 暴露水平与暴露依赖性风险增加相关（线性趋势检验 p < 0.0001）。哮喘风险也随着接触单独的 BTEX-H 化学品和化学混合物的增加而增加：BTEX-H 混合物的同时四分位数增加与哮喘风险增加 1.45 (95% CI: 1.35,1.55) 相关。由于病例较少，仅与医生诊断的哮喘相关性不太明显。