Neuroendocrine prostate cancer is a histological variant of prostate cancer that is characterized by aggressiveness, poor clinical outcomes, and expression of neuroendocrine markers. Neuroendocrine prostate cancer usually manifests in late-stage prostate cancer patients who have undergone multiple rounds of anti-androgen therapies but can, although rarely, occur in treatment naïve patients de novo. Current therapies to treat neuroendocrine prostate cancer are largely based on their success in treating patients with small cell lung cancer, a lung cancer that shares the neuroendocrine phenotype with neuroendocrine prostate cancer. However, unfortunately these therapies are not durable. In this review, we discuss therapies currently in use to treat neuroendocrine prostate cancer, including platinum-based therapies, taxanes and etoposide. Additionally, we utilize ongoing clinical trials information to identify potential emerging therapies for neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Lastly, we discuss additional potential future opportunities for targeting neuroendocrine prostate cancer.

神经内分泌前列腺癌是前列腺癌的一种组织学变异，其特征是侵袭性、临床结果差和神经内分泌标志物的表达。神经内分泌前列腺癌通常出现在已接受多轮抗雄激素治疗的晚期前列腺癌患者中，但可以（尽管很少）在未接受过治疗的患者中重新出现. 目前治疗神经内分泌前列腺癌的疗法主要基于它们在治疗小细胞肺癌患者方面的成功，小细胞肺癌是一种与神经内分泌前列腺癌共享神经内分泌表型的肺癌。然而，不幸的是，这些疗法并不持久。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了目前用于治疗神经内分泌前列腺癌的疗法，包括铂类疗法、紫杉烷类和依托泊苷。此外，我们利用正在进行的临床试验信息来确定神经内分泌前列腺癌的潜在新兴疗法。最后，我们讨论了靶向神经内分泌前列腺癌的其他潜在未来机会。