Microbial-induced phosphate (P) precipitation (MIPP) based on P-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) is regarded as a promising approach to bioimmobilize environmental lead (Pb). Nevertheless, the underlying changes of Pb²⁺ biotoxicity in PSM during MIPP process were rarely discussed. The current study explored the Pb²⁺ immobilization and metabolic changes in PSM Penicillium oxalicum postexposure to Pb²⁺ and/or tricalcium phosphate (TCP). TCP addition significantly increased soluble P concentrations, accelerated extracellular Pb mineralization, and improved antioxidative enzyme activities in P. oxalicum during MIPP process. Secondary Pb²⁺ biomineralization products were measured as hydroxypyromorphite [Pb₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂]. Using untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomics, we found that Pb²⁺ exposure stimulated the membrane integrity deterioration and nucleotide metabolism obstruction of P. oxalicum. Correspondingly, P. oxalicum could produce higher levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to enhance the adaptive cellular machineries under Pb²⁺ stress. While the MIPP process improved extracellular Pb²⁺ mineralization, consequently alleviating the nucleotide metabolism inhibition and membrane deterioration. Multi-omics results suggested that GABA degradation pathway was stimulated for arginine biosynthesis and TCA cycle after Pb²⁺ mineralization. These results provided new biomolecular information underlying the Pb²⁺ exposure biotoxicities to microorganisms in MIPP before the application of this approach in environmental Pb²⁺ remediation.

基于溶解磷的微生物 (PSM) 的微生物诱导的磷酸盐 (P) 沉淀 (MIPP) 被认为是一种很有前景的生物固定环境铅 (Pb) 的方法。然而，很少讨论在 MIPP 过程中 PSM 中Pb ^{2+生物毒性的潜在变化。}目前的研究探讨了PSM草酸青霉暴露于 Pb ²⁺和/或磷酸三钙 (TCP)后 Pb ²⁺的固定化和代谢变化。在MIPP过程中，添加 TCP 显着增加了可溶性 P 浓度，加速了细胞外 Pb 矿化，并改善了草酸假单胞菌的抗氧化酶活性。二次铅²⁺生物矿化产物被测量为羟基磷灰石[Pb ₁₀ (PO ₄ ) ₆ (OH) ₂ ]。使用非靶向代谢组学和转录组学，我们发现 Pb ^{2+暴露刺激了}草酸假单胞菌的膜完整性恶化和核苷酸代谢障碍。相应地，草酸可产生更高水平的γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）以增强Pb ²⁺胁迫下的适应性细胞机制。而 MIPP 工艺改善了细胞外 Pb ²⁺矿化，从而减轻核苷酸代谢抑制和膜退化。多组学结果表明，Pb ²⁺矿化后，GABA 降解途径促进了精氨酸生物合成和 TCA 循环。在将该方法应用于环境 Pb ²⁺修复之前，这些结果为 MIPP 中 Pb ²⁺暴露对微生物的生物毒性提供了新的生物分子信息。