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Priority effects in coral–macroalgae interactions can drive alternate community paths in the absence of top-down control
Ecology ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-07-21 , DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3831
Thomas C Adam 1 , Sally J Holbrook 1, 2 , Deron E Burkepile 1, 2 , Kelly E Speare 2 , Andrew J Brooks 1 , Mark C Ladd 1, 3 , Andrew A Shantz 4 , Rebecca Vega Thurber 5 , Russell J Schmitt 1, 2
Affiliation  

The outcomes of species interactions can vary greatly in time and space with the outcomes of some interactions determined by priority effects. On coral reefs, benthic algae rapidly colonize disturbed substrate. In the absence of top-down control from herbivorous fishes, these algae can inhibit the recruitment of reef-building corals, leading to a persistent phase shift to a macroalgae-dominated state. Yet, corals may also inhibit colonization by macroalgae, and therefore the effects of herbivores on algal communities may be strongest following disturbances that reduce coral cover. Here, we report the results from experiments conducted on the fore reef of Moorea, French Polynesia, where we: (1) tested the ability of macroalgae to invade coral-dominated and coral-depauperate communities under different levels of herbivory, (2) explored the ability of juvenile corals (Pocillopora spp.) to suppress macroalgae, and (3) quantified the direct and indirect effects of fish herbivores and corallivores on juvenile corals. We found that macroalgae proliferated when herbivory was low but only in recently disturbed communities where coral cover was also low. When coral cover was <10%, macroalgae increased 20-fold within 1 year under reduced herbivory conditions relative to high herbivory controls. Yet, when coral cover was high (50%), macroalgae were suppressed irrespective of the level of herbivory despite ample space for algal colonization. Once established in communities with low herbivory and low coral cover, macroalgae suppressed recruitment of coral larvae, reducing the capacity for coral replenishment. However, when we experimentally established small juvenile corals (2 cm diameter) following a disturbance, juvenile corals inhibited macroalgae from invading local neighborhoods, even in the absence of herbivores, indicating a strong priority effect in macroalgae–coral interactions. Surprisingly, fishes that initially facilitated coral recruitment by controlling algae had a net negative effect on juvenile corals via predation. Corallivores reduced the growth rates of corals exposed to fishes by ~30% relative to fish exclosures, despite increased competition with macroalgae within the exclosures. These results highlight that different processes are important for structuring coral reef ecosystems at different successional stages and underscore the need to consider multiple ecological processes and historical contingencies to predict coral community dynamics.

中文翻译:

在没有自上而下的控制的情况下,珊瑚-大型藻类相互作用的优先效应可以驱动替代群落路径

物种相互作用的结果在时间和空间上可能有很大差异,某些相互作用的结果由优先效应决定。在珊瑚礁上,底栖藻类迅速在扰动的基质上繁殖。在食草鱼类缺乏自上而下的控制的情况下,这些藻类可以抑制造礁珊瑚的募集,导致持续相移至大型藻类主导状态。然而,珊瑚也可能抑制大型藻类的定殖,因此在珊瑚覆盖减少的干扰之后,食草动物对藻类群落的影响可能最为强烈。在这里,我们报告了在法属波利尼西亚莫雷阿岛前礁进行的实验结果,我们:(1) 测试了大型藻类在不同食草动物水平下侵入珊瑚主导和珊瑚贫化群落的能力,杯形珊瑚属spp.) 来抑制大型藻类,以及 (3) 量化鱼类食草动物和珊瑚动物对幼年珊瑚的直接和间接影响。我们发现,当草食性较低时,大型藻类会大量繁殖,但仅限于最近受到干扰的珊瑚覆盖率也较低的社区。当珊瑚覆盖率 <10% 时,相对于高食草动物控制,在减少食草动物条件下,大型藻类在 1 年内增加了 20 倍。然而,当珊瑚覆盖率很高(50%)时,尽管有足够的空间供藻类定植,但无论食草动物的水平如何,大型藻类都会受到抑制。一旦在食草率低和珊瑚覆盖率低的群落中建立起来,大型藻类就会抑制珊瑚幼虫的招募,从而降低珊瑚的补给能力。然而,当我们在干扰后实验性地建立幼年珊瑚(直径 2 厘米)时,即使在没有食草动物的情况下,幼年珊瑚也能抑制大型藻类入侵当地社区,这表明大型藻类-珊瑚相互作用具有很强的优先效应。令人惊讶的是,最初通过控制藻类促进珊瑚补充的鱼类通过捕食对幼年珊瑚产生了净负面影响。相对于围捕鱼类,珊瑚动物将暴露于鱼类的珊瑚的生长速度降低了约 30%,尽管围捕范围内与大型藻类的竞争加剧。这些结果强调,不同的过程对于在不同的演替阶段构建珊瑚礁生态系统很重要,并强调需要考虑多种生态过程和历史突发事件来预测珊瑚群落动态。表明在大型藻类-珊瑚相互作用中有很强的优先效应。令人惊讶的是,最初通过控制藻类促进珊瑚补充的鱼类通过捕食对幼年珊瑚产生了净负面影响。相对于围捕鱼类,珊瑚动物将暴露于鱼类的珊瑚的生长速度降低了约 30%,尽管围捕范围内与大型藻类的竞争加剧。这些结果强调,不同的过程对于在不同的演替阶段构建珊瑚礁生态系统很重要,并强调需要考虑多种生态过程和历史突发事件来预测珊瑚群落动态。表明在大型藻类-珊瑚相互作用中有很强的优先效应。令人惊讶的是,最初通过控制藻类促进珊瑚补充的鱼类通过捕食对幼年珊瑚产生了净负面影响。相对于围捕鱼类,珊瑚动物将暴露于鱼类的珊瑚的生长速度降低了约 30%,尽管围捕范围内与大型藻类的竞争加剧。这些结果强调,不同的过程对于在不同的演替阶段构建珊瑚礁生态系统很重要,并强调需要考虑多种生态过程和历史突发事件来预测珊瑚群落动态。最初通过控制藻类促进珊瑚补充的鱼类通过捕食对幼年珊瑚产生了净负面影响。相对于围捕鱼类,珊瑚动物将暴露于鱼类的珊瑚的生长速度降低了约 30%,尽管围捕范围内与大型藻类的竞争加剧。这些结果强调,不同的过程对于在不同的演替阶段构建珊瑚礁生态系统很重要,并强调需要考虑多种生态过程和历史突发事件来预测珊瑚群落动态。最初通过控制藻类促进珊瑚补充的鱼类通过捕食对幼年珊瑚产生了净负面影响。相对于围捕鱼类,珊瑚动物将暴露于鱼类的珊瑚的生长速度降低了约 30%,尽管围捕范围内与大型藻类的竞争加剧。这些结果强调,不同的过程对于在不同的演替阶段构建珊瑚礁生态系统很重要,并强调需要考虑多种生态过程和历史突发事件来预测珊瑚群落动态。
更新日期:2022-07-21
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