Replication is central to scientific progress. Because of widely reported replication failures, replication has received increased attention in psychology, sociology, education, management, and related fields in recent years. Replication studies have generally been assessed dichotomously, designated either a “success” or “failure” based entirely on the outcome of a null hypothesis significance test (i.e., p< .05 or p > .05, respectively). However, alternative definitions of success depend on researchers’ goals for the replication. Previous work on alternative definitions for success has focused on the analysis phase of replication. However, the design of the replication is also important, as emphasized with the adage, “an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure.” One critical component of design often ignored or oversimplified in replication studies is sample size planning, indeed, the details here are crucial. Sample size planning for replication studies should correspond to the method by which success will be evaluated. Researchers have received little guidance, some of which is misguided, on sample size planning for replication goals other than the aforementioned dichotomous null hypothesis significance testing approach. In this article, we describe four different replication goals. Then, we formalize sample size planning methods for each of the four goals. This article aims to provide clarity on the procedures for sample size planning for each goal, with examples and syntax provided to show how each procedure can be used in practice.

中文翻译：

---

复制研究的样本量规划：魔鬼在设计中。

复制是科学进步的核心。由于广泛报道的复制失败，近年来复制在心理学、社会学、教育、管理和相关领域受到越来越多的关注。复制研究通常被二分法评估，完全基于零假设显着性检验的结果（即p < .05 或p> .05，分别）。然而，成功的替代定义取决于研究人员的复制目标。以前关于成功的替代定义的工作主要集中在复制的分析阶段。然而，复制的设计也很重要，正如格言所强调的那样，“一盎司的预防胜于一磅的治疗。” 在复制研究中经常忽略或过度简化的设计的一个关键组成部分是样本量规划，事实上，这里的细节是至关重要的。复制研究的样本量计划应与评估成功的方法相对应。除了上述二分法零假设显着性检验方法之外，研究人员几乎没有收到关于复制目标的样本量规划的指导，其中一些指导是错误的。在本文中，我们描述了四种不同的复制目标。然后，我们为这四个目标中的每一个目标制定样本量规划方法。本文旨在阐明每个目标的样本量规划程序，并提供示例和语法来说明如何在实践中使用每个程序。