Understanding countrywide pathogen population structure and inter-epidemic region spread is crucial for deciphering crop potential losses. Wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is a destructive disease that affects worldwide wheat production, widespread in China, representing largest epidemic region globally. This study aimed to understand the population structure and migration route of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici across China based on sampling from 15 provinces representing six epidemic zones, viz., over-summering, over-wintering, eastern, Yun-Gui, Xinjiang and Tibet epidemic regions. High genotypic diversity was recorded in over-summering, Tibet and over-wintering epidemic regions. Epidemic regions partly explain population subdivision with variable divergence (F_ST = 0.005–0.344). Xinjiang and Tibet epidemic regions were independent epidemic zones with least sharing of genotypes. Among other epidemic zones, i.e. over-summering, over-wintering, eastern and Yun-Gui epidemic zones, re-sampling MLGs, clustering-based structure, DAPC analyses, relative migration and low divergence (F_ST from 0.006 to 0.073) revealed frequent geneflow. Yun-Gui epidemic regions, with a potential for both over-summering and over-wintering, could play an important role in causing epidemics in main wheat-cultivating areas of China. High diversity, recombination signatures and inter-epidemic region migration patterns need to be considered in host-resistant cultivar development in China and neighbouring countries, considering risk of long-distance migration capacity of pathogen.

中文翻译：

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全国跨疫区迁移模式表明西南人口在中国小麦条锈病流行中的作用

了解全国病原体种群结构和流行区域间传播对于破译作物潜在损失至关重要。由Puccinia striiformis f引起的小麦条锈病。sp。小麦是一种破坏性病害，影响全球小麦生产，在中国广泛传播，是全球最大的流行区。本研究旨在了解P的种群结构和迁徙路线。条形鱼f. sp。小麦全国 15 个省的抽样调查，分别代表 6 个疫区，即越夏、越冬、东部、云贵、新疆和西藏疫区。越夏、西藏和越冬疫区基因型多样性较高。流行地区部分解释了具有可变差异的人口细分（F _ST  =  0.005-0.344）。新疆和西藏疫区是独立的疫区，基因型共享最少。在其他疫区中，即过夏、越冬、东部和云贵疫区，重采样MLG，基于聚类的结构，DAPC分析，相对迁移和低散度（F _ST从 0.006 到 0.073）显示频繁的基因流动。云贵疫区具有越夏越冬的可能，在我国小麦主产区的流行中可能发挥重要作用。考虑到病原体长距离迁移能力的风险，在中国和周边国家的抗宿主栽培品种开发中需要考虑高多样性、重组特征和流行区域间迁移模式。