Wearable sensors have recently attracted extensive interest not only in the field of healthcare monitoring but also for convenient and intelligent human–machine interactions. However, challenges such as wearable comfort, multiple applicable conditions, and differentiation of mechanical stimuli are yet to be fully addressed. Herein, we developed a breathable and waterproof electronic skin (E-skin) that can perceive pressure/strain with nonoverlapping signals. The synergistic effect from magnetic attraction and nanoscaled aggregation renders the E-skin with microscaled pores for breathability and three-dimensional microcilia for superhydrophobicity. Upon applied pressure, the bending of conductive microcilia enables sufficient contacts for resistance decrease, while the stretching causes increased resistance due to the separation of conductive materials. The optimized E-skin exhibits a high gauge factor of 7.747 for small strain (0–80%) and a detection limit down to 0.04%. The three-dimensional microcilia also exhibit a sensitivity of −0.0198 kPa^–1 (0–3 kPa) and a broad detection range up to 200 kPa with robustness. The E-skin can reliably and precisely distinguish kinds of the human joint motions, covering a broad spectrum including bending, stretching, and pressure. With the nonoverlapping readouts, ternary inputs “1”, “0”, and “–1” could be produced with different stimuli, which expands the command capacity for logic outputs such as effective Morse code and intuitive robotic control. Owing to the rapid response, long-term stability (10 000 cycles), breathability, and superhydrophobicity, we believe that the E-skin can be widely applied as wearable devices from body motion monitoring to human–machine interactions toward a more convenient and intelligent future.

中文翻译：

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具有三维结构的透气防水电子皮肤，用于非重叠模式下的压力和应变传感

可穿戴传感器最近不仅在医疗保健监测领域而且在方便和智能的人机交互领域引起了广泛的兴趣。然而，穿戴舒适性、多种适用条件和机械刺激的差异化等挑战尚未得到充分解决。在此，我们开发了一种透气防水的电子皮肤（E-skin），可以通过非重叠信号感知压力/应变。磁引力和纳米级聚集的协同效应使电子皮肤具有透气性的微孔和超疏水性的​​三维微纤毛。在施加压力时，导电微纤毛的弯曲能够实现足够的接触以降低电阻，而由于导电材料的分离，拉伸会导致电阻增加。优化后的 E-skin 对于小应变 (0–80%) 表现出 7.747 的高应变系数，检测限低至 0.04%。三维微纤毛也表现出 -0.0198 kPa 的灵敏度^–1 (0–3 kPa) 和高达 200 kPa 的宽检测范围且坚固耐用。E-skin 可以可靠、准确地区分各种人体关节运动，涵盖包括弯曲、拉伸和压力在内的广泛范围。通过不重叠的读数，三元输入“1”、“0”和“-1”可以通过不同的刺激产生，从而扩展了逻辑输出的命令能力，例如有效的摩尔斯电码和直观的机器人控制。由于快速响应、长期稳定性（10 000 次循环）、透气性和超疏水性，我们相信 E-skin 可以广泛应用于从身体运动监测到人机交互的可穿戴设备，以实现更便捷、更智能的应用。未来。