Many countries have introduced cash transfer programmes as part of their poverty reduction and social protection strategies. These programmes have the potential to overcome drivers of HIV risk behaviours and usage of HIV services, but their overall effects on HIV-related outcomes remain unknown. Here we evaluate the effects of cash transfer programmes covering >5% of the impoverished population on country- and individual-level HIV-related outcomes in 42 countries with generalized epidemics. Cash transfer programmes were associated with a lower probability of sexually transmitted infections among females (odds ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.50–0.91; P = 0.01), a higher probability of recent HIV testing among females (odds ratio, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.15–5.88; P = 0.02) and among males (odds ratio, 3.19; 95% CI, 2.45–4.15; P < 0.001), a reduction in new HIV infections (incidence rate ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89–0.99; P = 0.03) and delayed improvements in antiretroviral coverage (3%; 95% CI, 0.3–5.7 at year 2; P = 0.03) and AIDS-related deaths (incidence rate ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.83–0.99 at year 2; P = 0.03). Anti-poverty programmes can play a greater role in achieving global targets for HIV prevention and treatment.

许多国家已将现金转移计划作为其减贫和社会保护战略的一部分。这些项目有可能克服 HIV 风险行为和 HIV 服务使用的驱动因素，但它们对 HIV 相关结果的总体影响仍然未知。在这里，我们评估了覆盖 5% 以上贫困人口的现金转移计划对 42 个普遍流行的国家和个人层面的 HIV 相关结果的影响。现金转移计划与女性性传播感染的可能性较低（优势比，0.67；95% 置信区间 (CI)，0.50–0.91；P  = 0.01）、女性近期接受 HIV 检测的可能性较高（优势比, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.15–5.88; P = 0.02）和男性（比值比，3.19；95% CI，2.45–4.15；P  < 0.001），新感染 HIV 的人数减少（发病率比，0.94；95% CI，0.89–0.99；P  = 0.03）抗逆转录病毒覆盖率（3%；第 2 年 95% CI，0.3-5.7；P  = 0.03）和艾滋病相关死亡（发病率比，0.91；95% CI，第 2 年 0.83-0.99；P  = 0.03）。反贫困项目可以在实现艾滋病毒预防和治疗的全球目标方面发挥更大的作用。