Contactless conductivity detection (C4D) as a universal detection technique plays an important role in combination with efficient electrophoretic separation carried out in capillaries (CE) or on microchips (ME) in the analysis of clinical samples. C4D is particularly sensitive in the quantification of low molecular weight biogenic substances such as inorganic cations and anions, amino acids, amines, low molecular weight organic acids, saccharides and many drugs such as antibiotics, analgesics, anaesthetics or antiepileptics. Biogenic substances are determined in CE/C4D or ME/C4D directly in their native form without derivatization and sample matrix treatment is often based only on dilution or addition of an organic solvent. The limit of detection for most CE/C4D determinations is at the micromolar concentration level, which is sufficient to monitor physiological or therapeutic levels of most of low molecular weight biogenic substances. Therefore, CE/C4D and ME/C4D are widely used for sequential monitoring of nutrients, metabolites and waste products at the level of individual tissues and organs, low-invasive detection of inborn errors of metabolism and cystic fibrosis, pharmacokinetic monitoring and therapeutic drug monitoring. Innovative trends such as electrophoretic stacking, microdialysis, electromembrane extraction, portable and disposable CE instruments and minimally invasive clinical sampling techniques are mentioned. A critical evaluation of the positives and negatives of this technique is presented, covering the main applications published over the last 10 years.

非接触式电导检测 (C4D) 作为一种通用检测技术，与在毛细管 (CE) 或微芯片 (ME) 上进行的高效电泳分离相结合，在临床样本分析中发挥着重要作用。C4D 在定量低分子量生物源物质（如无机阳离子和阴离子、氨基酸、胺、低分子量有机酸、糖类）和许多药物（如抗生素、镇痛剂、麻醉剂或抗癫痫剂）方面特别敏感。在 CE/C4D 或 ME/C4D 中直接测定生物源物质，无需衍生化，样品基质处理通常仅基于稀释或添加有机溶剂。大多数 CE/C4D 测定的检测限为微摩尔浓度水平，这足以监测大多数低分子量生物物质的生理或治疗水平。因此，CE/C4D和ME/C4D广泛应用于个体组织器官水平的营养物质、代谢物和废物的序贯监测，先天性代谢缺陷和囊性纤维化的低创检测，药代动力学监测和治疗药物监测。 . 创新趋势，如电泳堆叠、微透析、电膜提取、便携式和一次性 CE 仪器和微创临床取样技术。提出了对该技术的正面和负面的批判性评估，涵盖了过去 10 年中发布的主要应用。因此，CE/C4D和ME/C4D广泛应用于个体组织器官水平的营养物质、代谢物和废物的序贯监测，先天性代谢缺陷和囊性纤维化的低创检测，药代动力学监测和治疗药物监测。 . 创新趋势，如电泳堆叠、微透析、电膜提取、便携式和一次性 CE 仪器和微创临床取样技术。提出了对该技术的正面和负面的批判性评估，涵盖了过去 10 年中发布的主要应用。因此，CE/C4D和ME/C4D广泛应用于个体组织器官水平的营养物质、代谢物和废物的序贯监测，先天性代谢缺陷和囊性纤维化的低创检测，药代动力学监测和治疗药物监测。 . 创新趋势，如电泳堆叠、微透析、电膜提取、便携式和一次性 CE 仪器和微创临床取样技术。提出了对该技术的正面和负面的批判性评估，涵盖了过去 10 年中发布的主要应用。先天性代谢异常和囊性纤维化的低创检测、药代动力学监测和治疗药物监测。创新趋势，如电泳堆叠、微透析、电膜提取、便携式和一次性 CE 仪器和微创临床取样技术。提出了对该技术的正面和负面的批判性评估，涵盖了过去 10 年中发布的主要应用。先天性代谢异常和囊性纤维化的低创检测、药代动力学监测和治疗药物监测。创新趋势，如电泳堆叠、微透析、电膜提取、便携式和一次性 CE 仪器和微创临床取样技术。提出了对该技术的正面和负面的批判性评估，涵盖了过去 10 年中发布的主要应用。