The cyanobacterial blooms caused by eutrophication exert strong selection on zooplankton grazers. Resurrection ecology, coupled with multivariate reaction norm analysis, can be used to parse the relative contributions of plasticity and evolution to mediating adaptation to environmental changes in natural populations. Here, we tested whether increasing levels of toxic cyanobacteria result in multivariate reaction norm changes in a natural zooplankton population. We resurrected dormant eggs of Ceriodaphnia cornuta (Cladocera) from three sediment layers in Dianshan Lake from 1988 to 2018, a period during which the abundances of cyanobacteria continuously increased, and conducted a common garden experiment to quantify the multivariate reaction norms of nine morphological, life history, and behavioral traits involved in the response to the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. The youngest subpopulation coinciding with the high-eutrophic period was characterized by smaller size at birth and maturity and fewer offspring in their second broods compared with the oldest subpopulation coinciding with the low-eutrophic period. Patterns of covariance in multivariate trait space provided strong evidence of adaptive evolution in multiple traits over time. The total trait change generated through both constitutive evolution and evolution of plasticity ranged from 1% to 64% depending on the trait and subpopulations being compared. These results suggest that multivariate phenotypic shifts in response to environmental changes in the study population are achieved by integrating plasticity, evolution of trait means, and evolution of plasticity.

中文翻译：

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休眠浮游动物食草动物的复活揭示了对有毒蓝藻的多种进化反应

富营养化引起的蓝藻水华对浮游动物食草动物具有很强的选择作用。复活生态学与多元反应范数分析相结合，可用于解析可塑性和进化对调节自然种群对环境变化的适应的相对贡献。在这里，我们测试了有毒蓝藻水平的增加是否会导致天然浮游动物种群的多变量反应规范变化。我们复活了Ceriodaphnia cornuta的休眠卵(Cladocera) 于 1988 年至 2018 年在淀山湖三个沉积层，蓝藻丰度不断增加的时期，并进行了共同花园实验，量化了涉及的九种形态、生活史和行为特征的多元反应规范。对有毒蓝藻铜绿微囊藻的反应. 与处于低富营养期的最年长亚群相比，处于高富营养期的最年轻亚群的特点是出生和成熟时体型较小，第二代的后代较少。多元性状空间中的协方差模式为随着时间的推移多种性状的适应性进化提供了强有力的证据。通过组成进化和可塑性进化产生的总性状变化范围从 1% 到 64%，具体取决于所比较的性状和亚群。这些结果表明，响应研究人群中环境变化的多变量表型变化是通过整合可塑性、性状手段的进化和可塑性的进化来实现的。