Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common, is costly, and confers substantial risk of chronic poor outcome. It exemplifies the need to better understand variation within psychiatric conditions (heterogeneity) and co-occurrence of different conditions. In particular, ADHD’s broad clinical heterogeneity has required clarification, as subtypes for which there is consensus have not emerged. The outlook for making progress in understanding ADHD heterogeneity is promising, however, when one considers dimensions of trait affectivity, such as surgency and negative affectivity; their constituent lower-order traits, such as irritability; and the integrative function of self-regulation. Several lines of investigation focusing on ADHD and temperament traits (related to emotional regulation and dysregulation) are proving useful. Work in this area has the potential to improve theory, nosology, and clinical assessment in the future.

注意缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 很常见，成本高昂，并且会带来慢性不良预后的重大风险。它举例说明了需要更好地了解精神疾病（异质性）和不同疾病同时发生的变化。特别是，ADHD 广泛的临床异质性需要澄清，因为尚未出现共识的亚型。然而，当考虑特质情感的维度时，例如突发性和消极情感，在理解 ADHD 异质性方面取得进展的前景是有希望的；他们构成的低阶特征，例如易怒；以及自我调节的综合功能。几条专注于 ADHD 和气质特征（与情绪调节和失调有关）的调查被证明是有用的。