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Crosstalk of organelles in Parkinson’s disease – MiT family transcription factors as central players in signaling pathways connecting mitochondria and lysosomes
Molecular Neurodegeneration ( IF 15.1 ) Pub Date : 2022-07-16 , DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00555-7
Martin Lang 1 , Peter P Pramstaller 1, 2 , Irene Pichler 1
Affiliation  

Living organisms constantly need to adapt to their surrounding environment and have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to deal with stress. Mitochondria and lysosomes are central organelles in the response to energy and nutrient availability within a cell and act through interconnected mechanisms. However, when such processes become overwhelmed, it can lead to pathologies. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder (NDD) characterized by proteinaceous intracellular inclusions and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, which causes motor and non-motor symptoms. Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the disease etiology. Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been recognized as a hallmark of PD pathogenesis, and several aspects of mitochondrial biology are impaired in PD patients and models. In addition, defects of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway have extensively been observed in cell and animal models as well as PD patients’ brains, where constitutive autophagy is indispensable for adaptation to stress and energy deficiency. Genetic and molecular studies have shown that the functions of mitochondria and lysosomal compartments are tightly linked and influence each other. Connections between these organelles are constituted among others by mitophagy, organellar dynamics and cellular signaling cascades, such as calcium (Ca2+) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling and the activation of transcription factors. Members of the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor family (MiT), including MITF, TFE3 and TFEB, play a central role in regulating cellular homeostasis in response to metabolic pressure and are considered master regulators of lysosomal biogenesis. As such, they are part of the interconnection between mitochondria and lysosome functions and therefore represent attractive targets for therapeutic approaches against NDD, including PD. The activation of MiT transcription factors through genetic and pharmacological approaches have shown encouraging results at ameliorating PD-related phenotypes in in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, we summarize the relationship between mitochondrial and autophagy-lysosomal functions in the context of PD etiology and focus on the role of the MiT pathway and its potential as pharmacological target against PD.

中文翻译:

帕金森病中细胞器的串扰——MiT家族转录因子作为连接线粒体和溶酶体的信号通路的核心参与者

生物体不断需要适应周围环境,并进化出复杂的机制来应对压力。线粒体和溶酶体是响应细胞内能量和营养可用性的中心细胞器,并通过相互关联的机制发挥作用。然而,当这样的过程变得不堪重负时,它可能导致病态。帕金森病 (PD) 是一种常见的神经退行性疾病 (NDD),其特征是细胞内蛋白质包涵体和多巴胺能神经元进行性丢失,导致运动和非运动症状。遗传和环境因素可能导致疾病的病因。线粒体功能障碍长期以来被认为是 PD 发病机制的标志,并且线粒体生物学的几个方面在 PD 患者和模型中受损。此外,自噬-溶酶体途径的缺陷已在细胞和动物模型以及 PD 患者的大脑中广泛观察到,其中组成性自噬对于适应压力和能量缺乏是必不可少的。遗传和分子研究表明,线粒体和溶酶体区室的功能紧密相连并相互影响。这些细胞器之间的连接主要由线粒体自噬、细胞器动力学和细胞信号级联反应构成,例如钙 (Ca2+) 和 mTOR(雷帕霉素的哺乳动物靶标)信号传导和转录因子的激活。小眼症相关转录因子家族 (MiT) 的成员,包括 MITF、TFE3 和 TFEB,在调节细胞稳态以响应代谢压力方面发挥核心作用,被认为是溶酶体生物发生的主要调节剂。因此,它们是线粒体和溶酶体功能之间相互联系的一部分,因此代表了包括 PD 在内的 NDD 治疗方法的有吸引力的目标。在体外和体内模型中,通过遗传和药理学方法激活 MiT 转录因子在改善 PD 相关表型方面显示出令人鼓舞的结果。在这篇综述中,我们总结了 PD 病因背景下线粒体和自噬-溶酶体功能之间的关系,并重点关注 MiT 途径的作用及其作为 PD 药理学靶点的潜力。它们是线粒体和溶酶体功能之间相互联系的一部分,因此代表了 NDD 治疗方法的有吸引力的目标,包括 PD。在体外和体内模型中,通过遗传和药理学方法激活 MiT 转录因子在改善 PD 相关表型方面显示出令人鼓舞的结果。在这篇综述中,我们总结了 PD 病因背景下线粒体和自噬-溶酶体功能之间的关系,并重点关注 MiT 途径的作用及其作为 PD 药理学靶点的潜力。它们是线粒体和溶酶体功能之间相互联系的一部分,因此代表了 NDD 治疗方法的有吸引力的目标,包括 PD。在体外和体内模型中,通过遗传和药理学方法激活 MiT 转录因子在改善 PD 相关表型方面显示出令人鼓舞的结果。在这篇综述中,我们总结了 PD 病因背景下线粒体和自噬-溶酶体功能之间的关系,并重点关注 MiT 途径的作用及其作为 PD 药理学靶点的潜力。在体外和体内模型中,通过遗传和药理学方法激活 MiT 转录因子在改善 PD 相关表型方面显示出令人鼓舞的结果。在这篇综述中,我们总结了 PD 病因背景下线粒体和自噬-溶酶体功能之间的关系,并重点关注 MiT 途径的作用及其作为 PD 药理学靶点的潜力。在体外和体内模型中,通过遗传和药理学方法激活 MiT 转录因子在改善 PD 相关表型方面显示出令人鼓舞的结果。在这篇综述中,我们总结了 PD 病因背景下线粒体和自噬-溶酶体功能之间的关系,并重点关注 MiT 途径的作用及其作为 PD 药理学靶点的潜力。
更新日期:2022-07-16
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