Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are among the most common birth defects, but their etiology has long been mysterious. In recent decades, the development of a variety of experimental models has led to a greater understanding of the molecular basis of CHDs. In this review, we contrast mouse models of CHD, which maintain the anatomical arrangement of the heart, and human cellular models of CHD, which are more likely to capture human-specific biology but lack anatomical structure. We also discuss the recent development of cardiac organoids, which are a promising step toward more anatomically informative human models of CHD.

中文翻译：

---

先天性心脏病建模：来自小鼠、基于 hPSC 的模型和类器官的经验教训

先天性心脏缺陷 (CHD) 是最常见的出生缺陷之一，但其病因长期以来一直是个谜。近几十年来，各种实验模型的发展使人们对冠心病的分子基础有了更深入的了解。在这篇综述中，我们对比了维持心脏解剖排列的 CHD 小鼠模型和 CHD 的人类细胞模型，后者更可能捕捉到人类特异性生物学但缺乏解剖结构。我们还讨论了心脏类器官的最新发展，这是朝着更具有解剖学信息的 CHD 人体模型迈出的有希望的一步。