Neuropsychiatric manifestations occur frequently and are challenging to diagnose in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Most patients with childhood-onset SLE have neuropsychiatric events in the first 2 years of disease. 30–70% of patients present with more than one neuropsychiatric event during their disease course, with an average of 2–3 events per person. These symptoms are associated with disability and mortality. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and neuroimaging findings have been described in childhood-onset SLE; however, only a few have been validated as biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring response to treatment, or prognosis. The aim of this Review is to describe the genetic risk, clinical and neuroimaging characteristics, and current treatment strategies of neuropsychiatric manifestations in childhood-onset SLE.

在儿童期发病的系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE) 中，神经精神表现经常发生并且难以诊断。大多数儿童期发病的 SLE 患者在发病的前 2 年内都会发生神经精神事件。30-70% 的患者在病程中出现不止一次神经精神事件，平均每人发生 2-3 次。这些症状与残疾和死亡率有关。血清、脑脊液和神经影像学检查结果在儿童期发病的 SLE 中有所描述；然而，只有少数已被验证为用于诊断、监测治疗反应或预后的生物标志物。本综述的目的是描述儿童期发病 SLE 的神经精神表现的遗传风险、临床和神经影像学特征以及当前的治疗策略。