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The Topography of Subnational Inequality
Social Forces ( IF 5.866 ) Pub Date : 2022-07-13 , DOI: 10.1093/sf/soac074
Tom VanHeuvelen 1
Affiliation  

In this study, I examine inequality divergence, or the inequality of inequalities across local labor markets. While divergence trends of central tendencies such as per capita income have been well documented, less is known about the descriptive trends or contributing mechanisms for inequality itself. In this study, I construct wage inequality measures in 722 commuting zones covering the entire contiguous United States across 22 waves of Census and American Community Survey data from 1940 to 2019 to assess the historical trends of inequality divergence. I synthesize counterfactual and variance decomposition techniques to develop main conclusions. Results show two eras, one of convergence between 1950 and 1990, and divergence between 1990 and 2019, resulting in rates of divergence today as high as any time in the past 80 years. With a brief exception from 1990 to 2007, most changes occurred through the geographical mobility of wages across labor markets. In the 1950–1990 period, this primarily occurred through equalization of wages across regions and within the US South, while the takeoff of highly urban and unequal labor markets made a novel contribution to the 1990–2019 era. In total, results point to the fundamental importance of what I term the topography of inequality, or the contours of inequality levels across spatial locations and the change in the size and location of peaks and valleys across time, for understanding the full nature of long run inequality change.

中文翻译:

地方不平等的地形

在这项研究中,我研究了不平等的分歧,或当地劳动力市场的不平等。虽然人均收入等中心趋势的分歧趋势已被充分记录,但对不平等本身的描述性趋势或促成机制知之甚少。在这项研究中,我在 1940 年至 2019 年的 22 波人口普查和美国社区调查数据中构建了覆盖整个美国本土的 722 个通勤区的工资不平等指标,以评估不平等分化的历史趋势。我综合了反事实和方差分解技术来得出主要结论。结果显示两个时代,一个是 1950 年和 1990 年之间的趋同,一个是 1990 年和 2019 年之间的分歧,导致今天的分歧率高达过去 80 年来的任何时候。除了 1990 年至 2007 年的短暂例外,大多数变化都是通过劳动力市场上工资的地域流动性发生的。在 1950-1990 年期间,这主要是通过跨地区和美国南部内部的工资均等化实现的,而高度城市化和不平等的劳动力市场的起飞为 1990-2019 年时代做出了新的贡献。总的来说,结果表明了我所说的不平等的地形,或空间位置上的不平等水平的轮廓以及峰谷的大小和位置随时间的变化,对于理解长期的全部性质具有根本重要性不平等的变化。这主要是通过跨地区和美国南部内部的工资均等化实现的,而高度城市化和不平等的劳动力市场的起飞为 1990-2019 时代做出了新的贡献。总的来说,结果表明了我所说的不平等的地形,或空间位置上的不平等水平的轮廓以及峰谷的大小和位置随时间的变化,对于理解长期的全部性质具有根本重要性不平等的变化。这主要是通过跨地区和美国南部内部的工资均等化实现的,而高度城市化和不平等的劳动力市场的起飞为 1990-2019 时代做出了新的贡献。总的来说,结果表明了我所说的不平等的地形,或空间位置上的不平等水平的轮廓以及峰谷的大小和位置随时间的变化,对于理解长期的全部性质具有根本重要性不平等的变化。
更新日期:2022-07-13
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