Timely and accurate assessment and diagnosis are extremely important and beneficial for all diseases, especially for some of the major human disease, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Limited by the variable disease microenvironment, early imperceptible symptoms, complex immune system interactions, and delayed clinical phenotypes, disease diagnosis and treatment are difficult in most cases. Molecular imaging (MI) techniques can track therapeutic drugs and disease sites in vivo and in vitro in a non-invasive, real-time and visible strategies. Comprehensive visual imaging and quantitative analysis based on different levels can help to clarify the disease process, pathogenesis, drug pharmacokinetics, and further evaluate the therapeutic effects. This review summarizes the application of different MI techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of these major human diseases. It is hoped to shed a light on the development of related technologies and fields.

及时、准确的评估和诊断对所有疾病都极为重要和有益，尤其是对人类的一些重大疾病，如癌症、心血管疾病、传染病和神经退行性疾病等。受限于多变的疾病微环境、早期不易察觉的症状、复杂的免疫系统相互作用和延迟的临床表型，疾病诊断和治疗在大多数情况下是困难的。分子成像 (MI) 技术可以在体内和体外追踪治疗药物和疾病部位在非侵入性、实时和可见的策略中。基于不同层次的综合视觉影像和定量分析，有助于阐明疾病过程、发病机制、药物药代动力学，进一步评估治疗效果。本综述总结了不同的 MI 技术在这些主要人类疾病的诊断和治疗中的应用。希望对相关技术和领域的发展有所启发。